Samenvatting Research Skills (325086-M-6) - All exam material
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Course
Research Skills (325086M6)
Institution
Tilburg University (UVT)
The language of instruction is English, with sometimes difficult words translated into Dutch. In addition, there are also examples and practice questions from the lessons.
Research Skills exam material summary 2022
Master Strategic Management - Tilburg University
Chapter 2 - Research in Business studies 1
Chapter 3 - The research process 6
Chapter 4 - research problems 8
Chapter 5 - research design 9
Chapter 7 - data collection for Qualitative research 13
Chapter 8 - Qualitative data analysis 19
Discussion questions - article O'Neil et al (2022) and Article Pratt (2009) 25
Chapter 14 - Writing the final report 27
Hypothesis development 29
Hypothesis development - The logic of (statistical) hypothesis testing 35
Moderation and mediation 43
Formulas to know by heart: 49
Week 1 - Chapter 2,3,4
Chapter 2 - Research in Business studies
● 2.1 Research philosophies
○ ontology and epistemology together form research philosophies
○ Ontology - is concerned with the nature of reality
■ scientists take an ontological position; is reality affected by the
actions of the researcher or not?
■ the positivist position maintains that reality exists and can be
measured
○ Epistemology - is the theory of knowledge
■ knowledge should have 3 components: justification, truth and
belief
■ knowledge is a justified true belief
■ Postmodernism maintains that truth depends on contextual
factors.
● 2.1-2.2 knowledge and common sense
1
, ○ Common sense - is the beliefs of a group of people about a certain
thing.
■ knowledge based on sense is called “a priori=” knowledge
■ knowledge based on experience is called “a posteriori”
knowledge
○ When we do research, we work systematically and learn critically to
analyze issues/matters before believing in them or acting upon them.
● 2.3 - managerial problem solving and the role of the researcher
○ Research in business studies and managerial problem solving are not
much different from each other
○ managers must have the capability to analyze their situations and to
use investigative approaches to decision making and problem solving
○ The researcher explains how information is collected, argues for
methods used to obtain results and explains their limitations: they work
systematically.
○ the researcher has to explain and convince the reader of the purpose
and methods of observation
● 2.4 - originality in research
○ originality is a basic condition for a scientific study
○ originality describes studies that create a new dimension to already
existing knowledge
■ some novel twist, fresh perspective
■ new hypothesis or assumption
■ new and innovative methods of handling an existing
topic/knowledge.
● 2.4 - different research orientations
2
,●
● 2.5 Induction
○ Induction is based on empirical evidence
○ through induction we draw general conclusions from our empirical
observations
○ the process goes from observations →analysis →findings → theory
building
○ this type of research is often associated with the qualitative type of
research
● 2.5 Deduction
○ Deduction is based on logic
○ the researcher builds/deduces hypotheses from the existing knowledge
(literature), which can be subject to empirical scrutiny (testing) and thus
can be accepted or rejected
○ this type of research is often associated with the quantitative type of
research
● 2.5 induction vs. deduction
○ deductive reasoning - the logical process of
deriving a conclusion from a known premise or
something known as true
○ inductive reasoning - the systematic process
of establishing a general proposition on the
basis of observation or particular facts
○ Which process represents deduction and which
induction?
● 2.5 Abduction
3
, ○ not just a combination of induction and deduction
○ a theoretical interpretation of an empirical problem that can lead to
development of new theories
○ the original framework and theoretical assumptions of the researcher
are continuously modified as a result of empirical findings
● Translation to master thesis
○ deductive studies use quantitative methods and start with the
development of hypotheses, based on theory.
○ abductive studies use qualitative methods and use the literature to
identify concepts that might be relevant to the problem and situation
under study
○ Inductive studies are not used, mainly because of time constraints.
○ Which of the 3 is more consistent with positivism?
● 2.7 different ways of knowing
○ method of tenacity where we hold firmly to the truth or the truth we
know to be true, as we have always known it to be true
○ method of authority, where it has been established that is the case
○ a priori method or method of intuition, where knowing is based on
propositions that are self-evident or ‘agreeable to reason’
○ method of science, where we find a way of knowing, where
everybody’s final conclusion is the same
● 2.8 research never stops
●
● 2.9 research and ethics
○ Ethics - are moral principles and values
○ researchers have a moral responsibility to explain and find answers to
their questions honestly and accurately
4
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