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  7. Landscape Systems (H481)

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Summary Coasts 8 Marker Plans

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  • Course
  • Landscape Systems (H481)
  • Institution
  • OCR
  • Book
  • OCR A Level Geography Second Edition

This document includes bullet point plans for potential 8 mark questions for OCR A-level Paper 1. This includes landform formation questions as well as questions on the role of factors such as ocean currents on landscapes.

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Document information

  • No
  • Coasts
  • June 21, 2022
  • 7
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

Subjects

  • coasts
  • beach
  • rias
  • fjords
  • essay plans
  • sediment
  • tides
  • currents
  • lithology
  • caves
  • arches
  • stacks
  • stumps
  • tombolo
  • spit
  • geo
  • blowhole
  • headlands
  • bays
  • cove
  • shore platform
  • shingle beach
  • cliff
  • salt marsh
  • delta
  • sea

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Written for

  • A/AS Level
  • OCR
  • Geography
  • Landscape Systems (H481)
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Content preview

Explain how a sediment cell can be viewed as a system

• length of coastline + it assoc nearshore area in which movt of coarse
sediment (sand/shingle) is largely self-contained
• processes (erosion, transportation, deposition) within coastal margin is largely
contained within cells
• closed sys: no sediment transferred between cells
• England + Wales = 11 major/regional cells
- ↑ sub-cells of smaller scale
• boundaries determined by topography of coastline
- large features e.g. Llyn Peninsula, Wales
• reality, not fully closed due variation in wind/tidal currents
• coastal protection measures can disrupt cells - a ect sediment budget (inputs/outputs)



Explain the importance of geology, including lithology + structure on the coastal landscape

Lithology
• physical + chem components of rocks
• weak w. ↓ resistance to erosion, weathering, mass movt e.g. clay
- bonds between particles weak
• highly resistant e.g. basalt
- dense interlocking crystals
• vulnerable to carbonation as soluble in weak acids e.g. chalk/carboniferous limestone
• waves erode softer rocks faster than harder -> soft = bays hard = headlands
• Swanage Bay Area, Dorset

Structure
• properties of individual rocks e.g. joints, bedding + faulting & permeability
• primary permeability: air spaces (pores) separate mineral particles, absorb + store water e.g.
chalk
• secondary permeability: water seeps into vertical joints + horizontal bedding planes. joints easily
enlarged at points of weakness due solubility in weak acids e.g. carboniferous limestone
• in uence erosion -> cli s/arches



Explain how coastal sediment can be supplied from a variety of sources

Terrestrial
• majority
• rivers - 80% all coastal sediment
- deposited in river mouth/estuaries + reworked by waves, tides, ocean currents
• erosion of cli s
- in high energy enviros can supply up to 70% (typically much smaller)
• LSD
- transports from one stretch to another
O shore
• constructive waves bring from o shore locations + deposit on beaches
• wind blows from o shore exposed sandbars + coastal sand dunes

Human
• dumped by lorry on beach + bulldozed to spread (beach nourishment)




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, Explain the role of ocean currents in the development of coastal landforms + landscapes

• ow of water generated by Earth’s rotation, set in motion by movt of wind across water surface
• limited impact on coastal landscape processes

Downwelling
• warm ocean currents transfer heat from low lats towards poles
• particularly e ect W-facing coastal areas as driven by onshore winds
• strength of current = limited impact BUT transfer of heat can = signi cant as a ects sub-aerial
processes

Upwelling
• cold ocean currents transfer cold water from poles to Equator
• driven by o shore winds :. ↓ e ect on coastal landscapes

Rip Currents
• energy source, can = output of sediment -> erosional landforms


Explain the importance of the moon on the e ect of tides

• caused by grav pull of Sun + moon on oceans (moon = greatest in uence as nearer Earth)
• moon pulls water towards it = high tide
• semi-diurnal tides - 2 high + 2 low every 24hrs
Spring Tide
• Earth, sun + moon aligned, grav pull greatest
- higher high tide + lower low tide = high tidal range
Neap Tide
• sun + moon at 90°
- grav pull of sun partially cancels out grav pull of moon
- low high tide + high low tide = low tidal range




Examine the role of geomorphic processes in the formation of caves, arches, stacks and
stumps

Caves
• cracks/joints @ headland base (intertidal zone) exposed to hydraulic action :. widen
• further eroded by weathering (salt crystallisation/wet + dry)
• develop wave-cut notches —abrasion/hydraulic action—> widen/deepen cave

Arches
• wave refraction = distorts wave direction :. energy conc on headland side
• deepens cave. if 2 caves aligned, cut through = arch
• wave-cut notches widen base

Stacks
• vertical joints exposed to tall breakers + carbonation from above -> blowholes
• over time become unstable :. collapse = stack
• Old Harry, Dorset

Stumps
• further eroded at base = wave-cut notches. sub-aerial processes above
• eventually collapse = stump (broken material eroded by attrition)


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