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College aantekeningen - Built environment and smart mobility (7ZW4M0)
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Describes all 7 lectures from the course Built environment and smart mobility!
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Built Environment and Smart Mobility1. Lecture 1: The integration of urban planning and transportation planning .................. 2
1.1 Historic development .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 (Un)successful cases (cities) of integrated land us and transportation planning ............... 5
1.3 The people: travel demand modelling ........................................................................................................ 6
2. Lecture 2: Urban mobility – The issues ...................................................................................... 8
2.1 Car oriented mobility .......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Impact on urban environment........................................................................................................................ 8
2.3 Impacts on health and well-being.............................................................................................................. 10
3. Lecture 3: Urban mobility – Solutions through urban planning and design ................. 12
3.1 Urban structure & mobility, suburbia and walkability ................................................................... 12
3.2 New urbanism ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 TOD (Transit Oriented Development) ..................................................................................................... 18
4. Lecture 4: Solutions through smart mobility .........................................................................21
4.1 Approaches influencing traffic behavior and traffic flows............................................................ 21
4.2 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) ......................................................................................................... 23
4.3 The future? ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
5. Lecture 5: Real estate, accessibility and transportation ..................................................... 27
5.1 Accessibility........................................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Hedonic pricing ................................................................................................................................................... 32
6. Lecture 6: Mobility As A Service .................................................................................................34
6.1 MaaS definition and topology ...................................................................................................................... 34
6.2 Learning from extensive pilot tests .......................................................................................................... 36
6.3 Challenges of implementation and business models ....................................................................... 40
6.4 Implications for modelling ............................................................................................................................ 43
7. Lecture 7: Models of travel demand.......................................................................................... 46
7.1 Travel forecast ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
7.2 The four step model .......................................................................................................................................... 47
7.3 The activity-based model ............................................................................................................................... 55
7.4 Examples calculations trip distribution.................................................................................................. 57
1 | Built Environment and Smart Mobility
,1. LECTURE 1: THE INTEGRATION OF URBAN PLANNING AND TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
Transport cannot be understood without reference to the location of activities (land use),
and vice versa:
• The functioning of cities, people’s activity patterns and transportation systems are
intrinsically related.
• We cannot plan and design good cities without considering transportation.
• Urban design influences mobility patterns.
• Real estate values are influenced by transportation issues.
• People’s well-being and quality of life are directly and indirectly related to
transportation systems and their (lack of) quality.
Traditionally, urban planning and transportation represent two separate worlds:
1. Urban Planning - Making places:
• Urban planning and design
• Own professional organization
• City development office
• Own journals, conferences
2. Transportation - Making connections:
• Civil/transportation engineering
• Own professional organization
• Transportation office
• Own journals, conferences
Relationship between land use and transportability is a circle: → Transportation → Accessibility
→ Land use → Activity patterns →
1.1 HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
❖ Pre-industrial era (before 1800s)
• No forms of motorized transportation existed.
• Maritime and fluvial transportation as dominant modes of the pre-industrial era.
▪ Maritime transportation important for the establishment of great commercial
empires
• Urban systems not present, most rural areas centered around a village and cities
rarely exceeded a 5 km diameter.
▪ Empires as important exception: extraordinary efforts at building transportation
networks.
• Large cities above 100,000 inhabitants were scarce.
• European expansion:
▪ Technology development (caravel)
▪ Discovery of trade wind (North Atlantic circular wind patterns)- travel over
longer distances along consistent and reliable routes
▪ Age of discovery: Alternative maritime routes to Asia (China/India) due to a
geopolitical event
• Very limited inland transportation system
2 | Built Environment and Smart Mobility
, • Late 18th century: canal systems started to emerge in Europe (initially in the
Netherlands and England)
❖ Industrial revolution (1800-1870)
• Setting and development of mechanized (land and maritime) transport systems
▪ Massive modification of transport system. Mechanization of land and maritime
transport systems (mechanical maritime vehicle, steamship)
• Emergence of the global economy
• Two major phases:
▪ Canal transport systems: Linking different segments of fluvial systems into a
comprehensive waterway system. Lowered significantly land transport costs.
▪ Inland transport systems with railways. This ends the canal era, only strategic
links were kept.
❖ Modern transport system (1870 -1920)
• Shift from coal to oil
• Development of railway transport system
▪ By the early 20th – century, most systems reached their peak.
▪ Overinvestment and over development. A phase of decline followed.
• Urban transportation
▪ European countries: demographic transition (urbanization and migration
pressures)
▪ Use of electric engine and introduction of tramways (streetcars): enabled the first
form of urban sprawl/separation between place of work and residence
▪ Underground metro systems in large cities (London, 1863).
▪ Bicycle (1867): innovation that changed commuting; cheap transport mode for
the working class.
• Growth of international transportation
▪ Shift from coal to oil in ships (reduces energy consumption)
▪ Increase in ship size (no longer limited by wood)
▪ Construction of transoceanic canals (Suez 1869 and Panama 1914).
• Development in telecommunications
▪ 1866: intercontinental telegraphic network (later dubbed as the “Victorian
Internet”)
▪ Continental rail and telegraphic networks often laid concomitantly
▪ 1884: creation of standard times zones; scheduling of passenger and freight
transportation
❖ Fordist era (1920-1970)
• Air transportation for passengers and trade
▪ 1903: first propelled flight by Wright brothers.
▪ 1919: first commercial air transport service between England and France
▪ 1930s: mass produced propelled aircrafts (Douglas DC-3).
▪ post World War II: turning point as range, capacity, and speed of aircraft
increased as well as the average income of the passengers.
▪ 1958: First commercial jet plane (Boeing 707; 1958) - end of passenger
transoceanic ships
▪ Example: position of airport in Dubai has a good position and they responded to
this by growing into a grand airport.
3 | Built Environment and Smart Mobility
, • Mass consumption and
rapid diffusion of
automobile
▪ Provide speed, privacy
and convenience
▪ First mode to drastically
change lifestyles and
urban structure (the Figure 1. Changes in spatial structure of cities due to transport.
radical the changes the
more alterations see Figure 1)
▪ Suburbanization and city expansion to cities to areas larger than 100 km in
diameter
▪ Megalopolis: vast urban region
• Urban sprawl and suburbanization
❖ Post-Fordist era (1970-)
• Massive development of telecommunications
• Rise in oil price and environmental concerns
▪ Congestion problem in road transportation
• Innovations in transport modes and search for alternative sources of energy
▪ Innovations in transport modes
▪ Reduction of energy consumption
▪ Alternative sources of energy (electric car, hybrid car, fuel cell)
▪ Integration with information technologies: 4th industrial revolution
Did a New era rise:
• Electric cars
• Leading countries in electric mobility offer financial incentives such as tax reductions
and exemptions for electric vehicles, designed to make the costs comparable to those
of conventional vehicles.
• Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs)
• Transformative technology in the wider context of artificial intelligence (AI)
▪ Great potential for improving vehicle and road safety, reducing vehicle emissions
(noise and pollution) and offering new mobility opportunities
• Connected vehicles are those that use any of a number of different communication
technologies to communicate with the driver, other cars on the road (vehicle-to-
vehicle [V2V]), roadside infrastructure (vehicle-to- infrastructure [V2I]), and the
“Cloud” [V2C]”
• Automated vehicles are those in which at least some aspects of a safety-critical
control function (e.g., steering, throttle, or braking) occur without direct driver input.
• Futuristic high-speed mode of transportation
• Hyperloop is a new transport technology in conceptual stage that is claimed to
provide superior performances to HSR (High Speed Rail) and APT (Air Passenger
Transport) system, particularly regarding the travel time, transport costs, energy
consumption, and transport safety.
• Mobility services:
• Car, bike/scooter sharing
• Ride sharing (car pooling)
4 | Built Environment and Smart Mobility
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