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SAMENVATTING DEMOGRAFIE - 2e BACHELOR SOCIOLOGIE - LIEVENS $6.20   Add to cart

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SAMENVATTING DEMOGRAFIE - 2e BACHELOR SOCIOLOGIE - LIEVENS

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Samenvatting tem H6. 117 pagina's.

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  • June 24, 2022
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Demografie
HOOFDSTUK 0: INTRODUCTIE........................................................................................................................... 4
1. INLEIDING: WAT IS DEMOGRAFIE?............................................................................................................................ 4
Definitie van ‘Demografie’ ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Drie ‘soorten’ demografie ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Kenmerken................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Oorsprong? .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
2. ORGANISATIE ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. BRONNEN ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Basisgegevens ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Volkstelling ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Bevolkingsregisters en andere registers ....................................................................................................... 10
Surveys.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Bronnen van demografische informatie ....................................................................................................... 11
HOOFDSTUK 2: BEVOLKINGSSTRUCTUUR ....................................................................................................... 13
2.1 OMVANG EN STRUCTUUR VAN DE BEVOLKING ........................................................................................................ 13
2.1.1 Basistools – deel 1 ............................................................................................................................... 13
Populatie .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Hoedanigheden en transities ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Tijd ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.1.2 Absoluut aantal van de populatie – BT deel 2 ..................................................................................... 15
Geslachts- en leeftijdsstructuur ................................................................................................................................. 15
Geslacht ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Leeftijd ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Bevolkingspiramide.................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.3 Prevalentie van demografische hoedanigheden: “Ratio’s” ................................................................. 18
Ratio’s voor leeftijd .................................................................................................................................................... 19
Ratio’s voor geslacht .................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.1.4 Bijkomend structuurkenmerk: huishoudens ........................................................................................ 21
2.2 DEMOGRAFISCHE BASISPROCESSEN ...................................................................................................................... 23
2.2.1 Incidentie van demografische processen: “Rates” .............................................................................. 23
2.2.2 Vergelijken van processen: Standaardiseren ....................................................................................... 25
2.2.3 Periode en cohorte analyse - technieken ............................................................................................. 27
Lexisdiagram .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
APC-modellen – Lexiskaart ........................................................................................................................................ 30
2.2.4 Ruwe coëfficiënten .............................................................................................................................. 31
HOOFDSTUK 3: MORTALITEIT ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 STERFTE ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1.1 Definities & cijfers ................................................................................................................................ 33
Definitie ..................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Feiten ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Leeftijds- en geslachtsspecifieke sterfte .................................................................................................................... 35
Oorzaakspecifieke sterfte .......................................................................................................................................... 38
3.1.2 Het begrip levensverwachting ............................................................................................................. 40
3.1.3 Determinanten van mortaliteit (determinanten van sterfte) .............................................................. 41
Case: de Russische mortaliteitscrisis .......................................................................................................................... 46
3.2 INDICATOREN VAN MORTALITEIT ......................................................................................................................... 47

, 3.2.1 Longitudinale analyse .......................................................................................................................... 47
Sterftetafels en bijhorende functies .......................................................................................................................... 47
Levensverwachting .................................................................................................................................................... 51
Cohorten met storingen ............................................................................................................................................ 51
3.2.2 Transversale analyse ........................................................................................................................... 51
Fictieve cohorten ....................................................................................................................................................... 51

HOOFDSTUK 4: VRUCHTBAARHEID ................................................................................................................. 53
4.1 VRUCHTBAARHEID............................................................................................................................................ 53
4.1.1 Begrippenkader ................................................................................................................................... 53
4.1.2 Basisindicatoren en cijfers ................................................................................................................... 54
4.1.3 Determinanten van vruchtbaarheid .................................................................................................... 58
4.1.4 Vruchtbaarheidstransities ................................................................................................................... 62
In Vlaanderen, van 1850 tot vandaag ........................................................................................................................ 65
4.2 INDICATOREN VAN VRUCHTBAARHEID ................................................................................................................... 66
4.2.1 Longitudinaal, zonder storingen; ......................................................................................................... 66
4.2.2 Longitudinaal, met storingen; ............................................................................................................. 68
4.2.3 Transversaal, intensiteit ...................................................................................................................... 68
Intensiteit - Totale vruchtbaarheid ............................................................................................................................ 69
Intensiteit - Leeftijdsspecifieke vruchtbaarheid ......................................................................................................... 69
4.2.4 Transversaal, tempo (standaardisatie, vervangingscoëfficiënten) ...................................................... 69
Transversaal – tempo ................................................................................................................................................ 69
Transversale analyse – standaardisatie ..................................................................................................................... 70
Transversale analyse – vervangingscoëfficiënten ...................................................................................................... 71

HOOFDSTUK 5: MIGRATIE .............................................................................................................................. 74
5.1 DEFINITIES EN BASISCONCEPTEN .......................................................................................................................... 74
5.1.1 Definities .............................................................................................................................................. 74
5.1.2 Basisconcepten .................................................................................................................................... 76
Standstatistieken ....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Lopende statistieken .................................................................................................................................................. 79
Samenvattend ............................................................................................................................................................ 81
5.2 MIGRATIETHEORIEËN ........................................................................................................................................ 81
5.2.1 Ontstaan van migratiestromen ........................................................................................................... 81
Neoklassieke economische theorie (MACRO) ............................................................................................................ 81
Neoklassieke economische theorie (MICRO) ............................................................................................................. 83
Algemeen neoklassieke economische theorie - samengevat .................................................................................... 83
Reactie: New economics of migration (aanvulling).................................................................................................... 83
Duale arbeidsmarkttheorie ........................................................................................................................................ 84
Wereldsysteem theorie (Wallerstein) ........................................................................................................................ 86
5.2.2 Continueren van migratie .................................................................................................................... 87
Netwerk theorie ......................................................................................................................................................... 87
Institutionele theorie ................................................................................................................................................. 87
5.2.3 Onderling belang? ............................................................................................................................... 88
5.2.4 Voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................................ 88
5.3 BELGIË: GESCHIEDENIS MIGRATIESTROMEN (CASE) .................................................................................................. 89
5.3.1 Achtergrond/begin .............................................................................................................................. 89
5.3.2 Huidige situatie.................................................................................................................................... 91
5.3.3 Demografische gevolgen migratie....................................................................................................... 93
Gevolg 1, geziene tendens 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 93
Gevolg 2, tendens die te zien is – 2............................................................................................................................ 94
Gevolg 3, tendens die te zien is – 3............................................................................................................................ 96

HOOFDSTUK 6: WORDEN VLUCHTELINGEN (H)ERKEND? GESCHIEDENIS EN ACTUALITEIT VAN HET
VLUCHTELINGENBELEID – GASTCOLLEGE ........................................................................................................ 99

, 6.1 ONTSTAAN ..................................................................................................................................................... 99
6.1.1 Hoe worden vluchtelingen gecreëerd? ................................................................................................ 99
Oorlogsvluchtelingen ................................................................................................................................................. 99
Vluchten voor intolerante staat ............................................................................................................................... 100
De koude oorlog (1949-1989) en erna op de vlucht ................................................................................................ 100
6.2 HET VLUCHTELINGENBELEID ............................................................................................................................. 101
6.2.1 De geschiedenis van de asielzoeker voor 1940 .................................................................................. 101
1. De 19e- eeuwse wereld zonder grenzen .............................................................................................................. 101
2. Nationale integratie ............................................................................................................................................. 101
3. Nationale uitsluiting – de staat dwingt haar grenzen afµ .................................................................................... 103
4. Zijdeur voor vluchtelingen ................................................................................................................................... 104
5. Toegang tot de zijdeur bemoeilijken, vluchtelingen weren (1938 – 1939) .......................................................... 105
6. Een onmenselijk uitwijzingsbeleid ....................................................................................................................... 105
6.2.2 De interstatelijke samenwerking na 1945 ......................................................................................... 106
De geallieerde overwinning ..................................................................................................................................... 106
Westerse staten leggen zichzelf samen grenzen op ................................................................................................ 107
De staten in Europa houden zich aan de grenzen die ze zichzelf hebben opgelegd ................................................ 108
Beschermingslacunes in het vluchtelingenbeleid .................................................................................................... 109
Europeanisering van het immigratiebeleid .............................................................................................................. 109
EU-staten leggen zichzelf grenzen op ...................................................................................................................... 109
6.2.3 Het Europees vluchtelingenbeleid vandaag en de Syrische crisis ...................................................... 110
Hoe het Europees/Belgisch territorium bereiken om asiel in te kunnen roepen? .................................................. 110
Migratiedruk niet enkel op Europa: frontlijnstaten voor Syrische vluchtelingen .................................................... 111
Zeeroutes ................................................................................................................................................................. 111
Zomer van 2015 en gevolgen ................................................................................................................................... 112
Verder beleid ........................................................................................................................................................... 113
6.3 SAMENVATTEND: HET BELANG VAN EEN VLUCHTELINGENBELEID .............................................................................. 114
6.4 DE UITDAGING VOOR DE 21E EEUW? .................................................................................................................. 115
HOOFDSTUK 7: HUWELIJK, SAMENWOONST & SCHEIDING .......................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
HOOFDSTUK 8: WERELDBEVOLKINGSGROEI ................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

, Hoofdstuk 0: Introductie

1. Inleiding: wat is demografie?

Definitie van ‘Demografie’

Wetenschappelijke studie van:

– de omvang, structuur en spreiding van de bevolking (basishoedanigheden);

– de veranderingen daarin (basisprocessen);

– de relatie tussen demografische structuren en processen enerzijds, en andere structuren
en processen anderzijds

Die drie puntjes samen = een bevolking (populatie van mensen).

Hoe is de structuur van een bevolking? Hoe verdeling en spreiding? En dan uiteindelijk ook de
veranderingen daarin => stadsvlucht bijvoorbeeld. Internationale migratie, …

Hoe komt het dat er verschillen zijn? Verschillen in hoeveel kinderen een gezin wil, of ruimer => hoe
verschillen landen. Cultureel verschil, ecologisch ontwikkelingen,… => Onderliggende mechanismen
dus ook bestuderen.

Drie ‘soorten’ demografie

1. Formele demografie: demografie in enge zin, mathematische demografie = minst interessante
maar meest nodige:
– Bevolkingen veranderen slechts omwille van een beperkt aantal “events”→ Basale
demografische fenomenen: vruchtbaarheid, sterfte, migratie => drie basiselementen
waardoor omvang, spreiding, structuur verandert => immigratie, emigratie en
dood/sterfte. Welke assumpties liggen erachter? (gemiddelde levensverwachting) en
die dan ook wel degelijk bereken.

Basisvergelijking voor bevolkingsgroei =

geboorten – sterftes (+ immigratie – emigratie)

» Natuurlijke groei: hoe verandert een bevolking van aantal?
Dan bekom je migratiesaldo = die simpele formule van
geboorten en sterfte

» Totale groei: + immigratie en emigratie.

– Ontwikkeling van indicatoren hiervoor

– Veel cijfermateriaal gebruiken => mathematische demografie of formele demografi

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