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EDEXCEL IGCSE GEOGRAPHY 2022
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ALL Edexcel IGCSE Geography notes summarised from class - every topic studies including fieldwork and case studies
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TOP-DOWN BOTTOM-UP- Funded by CRCC and Nigerian Government (85%/15%) South Africa (EDC) – Agricultural cooperatives
- $12bn in total What the issues are
Nigeria (LIC) – Coastal railway Hunger and poverty
What the issues are How these issues are managed and what strategies are in place
In 2016, with the fall in the global price of oil, the projects appeared to be put on hold The initiative aims to help small-scale farmers to bring back into production 1 million hectares of land that has been lying fallow
The Nigerian economy is in recession It hopes to achieve this over a period of five years
Oil exports are the mainstay of the Nigerian economy It also aims to help small businesses process the crops one they have been harvested
With the rain link built it gives Nigeria a chance to become less dependent on oil and grow the economy using Facts & figures
other means The Manyeding Co-operative has 160 partners and 24 full-time employees,
The Nigerian Government will be in huge debt to CRCC Who runs the scheme/where do resources and money come from?
How these issues are managed and what strategies are in place Financial support for the cooperatives is coming from the private sector
Due to the creation of many more jobs, there will be more money funnelled into the Nigerian economy The Manyeding Co-operative, is funded by a local mining company
This will increase the wealth of the country and speed up their development meaning that they will be able to Some of the money is used on agricultural machinery
pay back the loans in time OrganiMark, is providing people working on the project with training in both organic farming and marketing the produce
Also, they are loans from China which means that a set time has been set for the money to be paid back in The provincial department of agriculture has provided money to build a package storing facility
accordance to the growth of the Nigerian economy What has the outcome been? Overall, positive or negative?
Facts & figures The agricultural co-operative scheme is a neat one
Contract signed in 2014 between China Railway Construction Corporation and Nigerian government Fallow land is used to grow food for consumption by co-operative members as well as for sale
The coastal railway will be a 1400km route which will link Lagos in the West to Calabar in the East Money from sales is providing much-needed income
It will cross the huge delta of the Niger River Thus it is increasingly recognised that these co-operatives are winning the fight not just against hunger, but also food insecurity and
The line will also link the cities of Aba, Port Harcourt, Warri and Benin poverty.
The aim is to create a new coastal growth corridor that will encourage development to spread across the
delta
The cost of the project of $12 billion
Who runs the scheme/where do resources and money come from?
The scheme cost $12 billion BOTTOM-UP
Kenya (LIC) – Water Aid
85% will be provided in the forms of loans from China and 15% by the Nigerian Government
What the issues are
What has the outcome been? Overall, positive or negative?
Overall it is positive The lack of safe drinking water for many people in Africa, especially in Kenya
Creates coastal growth corridor encouraging development across delta of Niger river Water scarcity; Sanitation; Pollution; Health – infant mortality etc.
Will create 200,000 jobs DURING construction and 30,000 permanent jobs after completion Water is scarce is Kenya and at times the country is on brink of desertification
(secondary/tertiary jobs encourage development)
Given the little water that Kenya has, it gives priority to its planned urban areas and to wealthy rural communities that can pay for it
This means that those people living in slums and remote villages often go without
How these issues are managed and what strategies are in place
WaterAid sets up partnerships with local communities to ensure that the need for safe water is met
They use technologies that are low-cost, appropriate to the local area and that can be easily maintained by the communities
TOP DOWN
Hand-dug wells, hand pumps and rainwater havesting are commonly used to improve water supplies
UK (HIC) – HS2 Community managed latrines and wastewater management help with sanitation
What the issues are Facts & figures
There is a huge development gap between the North and the South of England Up to a third of water pumps are broken at any one time
There are huge differences in wealth which the HS2 will aim to level out Over 17 million Kenyans lack access to safe water
How these issues are managed and what strategies are in place WaterAid is a UK charitable trust set up in 1981
It is yet another attempt to try to reduce the North-South divide Who runs the scheme/where do resources and money come from?
It will connect the Northern regions to the capital London, enabling businesses to expand and grow benefitting the Northern The scheme is run by WaterAid
economy The money comes from donations as WaterAid is a charity
Facts & figures
The cost is currently estimates to be US$128 billion but it may increase as with the Nigerian Coastal Railway The money is then used to fulfil many purposes to ensure that people in Kenya have access to water and a good quality life
Construction is expected to start in 2017 and finish by 2026 What has the outcome been? Overall, positive or negative?
At Birmingham the new rail link will divide with one branch running to Manchester and the other to Sheffield and Leeds The outcome has been positive because it has allowed for the development of suitable technologies and has significantly reduced the
Who runs the scheme/where do resources and money come from? water scarcity in small villages in Kenya
The project has been approved by the UK parliament
It will be funded by a mixture of Government money and private investment
HS2 is part of a wider government initiative to encourage a ‘northern powerhouse’
What has the outcome been? Overall, positive or negative?
The outcome has not been the most successful because it ran out of money and had to shorten its original path Which is better?
Also there has been a lot of backlash from people across the UK Bottom-up and The top-down approach relies on higher authority figures to determine larger goals that will filter down
The general sentiment remains, and the North will become connected with the South increasing the development in those Top-down case to the tasks of lower-level workers in LICs. In comparison, the bottom-up style of communication
regions and shortening the development gap
features a decision-making process that gives the entire working body a voice in the communities’ goals.
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