Summary Module 2: Carbon Compounds, Macromolecules and Life Processes COMPLETE NOTES
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Course
BIO1000F (BIO1000F)
Institution
University Of Cape Town (UCT)
Book
Biology
Full set of notes for the module on carbon compounds, macromolecules and life processes. This summary includes content covered by lecture notes as well as the relevant textbook sections :)
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,module two
LECTURE 1 AND 2 :
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
o
ELEMENTS IMPORTANT FOR LIFE
o
elements bond in specific ratios →
compounds .
elements
"
it
"
not
yield emergent properties would expect purely analysing
- =
o
living matter =
25 essential elements
But
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen 96T of living matter .
oxygen
phosphorus
sulfur -
eg
. human body =
651 Oxygen .
=
18,51 carbon .
9,5% hydrogen
=
=
3,21 nitrogen
.
.
o
true elements =
less than 0,01%
* deficiencies in essential elements leads to problems !
low iron anemia
eg
=
.
↳ iron
hemoglobin production
vital in low iron low 02 transport
=
= . :
o
in plants yellowing of leaves symptom of :
dizzy feeling
=
,
iron
deficiency .
low goiter
iodine
=
eg •
enlargement of thyroid gland
control metabolism development
thyroid hormones t
0 .
o
ELEMENTS :
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
o atom →
smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of the element
•
atomic number =
no .
of pt ( and no .
of e- in neutral atom)
mass number no
if pt of no
=
o
. + no .
e- no
1800 ✗ smaller than pt or
=
→
one a
, 0
ISOTOPES
0
atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but different no .
neutrons
of
.
normal , stable
protium hydrogen
=
o
deuterium heavy hydrogen 1 stable)
or =
o tritium =
radioactive 1 unstable )
0
radioactive isotopes →
nucleus
decays spontaneously giving off particles ,
t
energy .
- uses : tracers in medicine to
identity cancer / disease leg PET scans )
:
destruction of cancer cells
leg . Cobalt -
607
DNA / abnormal bonds
B¥ dangerous as they can
damage , break bonds cause
to
form .
0
ELECTRON SHELLS AND ORBITALS
o
orbitals =
contained within electron shells
( 3D space where an electron spends 90% of its time
Energy 9 as move up electron smells
.
you
o o
↳ must absorb / release energy to move between
electron shells
_
Carson -12
:
'" "
eg diagram
?
.
:
2p 1¥
.
e-
e- is
e-
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