Class notes regarding the definitions and importance of enrichment when caring for exotic animals. Covers different behaviours that animals can develop during care, as well as laws and governing bodies, and more.
The American Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA defines enrichment as:
A dynamic process for enhancing animal environments within the context of the animals’ behavioral
biology and natural history. Environmental changes are made with the goal of increasing the animal’s
behavioural choices and drawing out their species-appropriate behaviours, thus enhancing animal
welfare.
Types of Behavioural Enrichment
Environmental Enrichment Devices- Object that animal can manipulate
Habitat Enrichment- How enclosure is designed (e.g. trees, climbing frame, sand, flowing water)
Sensory Enrichment- Stimulating senses (Mirrors- sight, Spiced toys- smell)
Food Enrichment- Diet, how something is fed and variety in options (burying food or hiding it so
that animal can dig it up or search for it)
Social Groupings- Conspecific (same species) or intraspecific (different species- (zebras and
giraffes may be housed together as they would meet in wild)
Behavioural Conditioning- Training to be more cooperative for interactions such as medical
exams or travelling (sit in certain position for blood draw, enter housing on truck, don’t bite
during oral exam)
Anywhere that has animals in captivity must now provide enrichment, including testing facilities.
Stereotypic Behaviour
What is stereotypic behaviour?
Maladaptive behaviour developed by animals who lack adequate mental stimulation and/or
who suffer from forms of mental distress.
Stereotypic behaviour can also be induced by captivity, lack of space/exercise, and the absence
of normal conspecific interactions.
Stereotypic behaviour may range from “minor” behaviour abnormalities such as repetitive
motion (swaying, pacing) to self-injury behaviours (chewing of limbs, excessive scratching).
Any sign of stereotypic behaviour is an indication that the animal is under significant stress,
welfare is compromised and additional steps need to be taken in regards to enrichment.
Once developed, stereotypic behaviour is difficult to eradicate. It is definitely better to prevent
than treat. Almost like trying to get rid of a stimming behaviour.
Stereotypic behaviour is possible in all animals- understanding “normal” behaviours is key to
recognizing problems.
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