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Summary Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
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A mindmap containing concise but detailed notes on nucleotides and nucleic acids, which corresponds to 3.1.3 on the OCR Biology A Specification
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. HEUCASE ocrt on d niatthtl UP compJtlll(ntOflj - • •rcg,on'loNAlo bttal< ';,, ( RNfl nutltotidtl inr h drtJll/5if ATP ••-;. protCln Qnti-parolm SUCJ<l' - can m1IIIOnS <'f
J ,
tn<::J
4
O~A·• 'ooit bonds btt""" bC1 as th< RN/\ nucltlltidCJ aot r<ICa<.tsa SHAil amo11ot • ,e,,brtS
I
,n musc1e ctHS phosphate ( blU'1 10fl9
tnPltlt<
corwtrttd ;mo
'RNR POlll1't.Rll~l j ointd , pot - mFll'•hformtd
o•ri ol•"'l Ont'~ ..s"
Cf tm
,Y
mu~c
K'Qulrt mtrqy
t O (ONTRA(1
'--"',, 0 main tljl)Cl <f
bocKbOnc--../"" dOllblC' 1-f EllX constant
ITIRNA COOON_S
--.. dunngthis rnRNA'
NR stron.!s- ttf'IIPIDbt
ATP rt1rasrr t\i.v
.
~owan,
' 1d_ra1 f(7 fUrlflrJIJ
RELEASES ENE11GY1N
~
bio/or•ca1 processer rtqurrr
I
doublC Strandtd f q_Iuantit
n ctllS 'l
HOn c.alb OO a
built UP b~ com ,rmrnta
basoPai..;ng- tf.iR=lflTIPIQ'lfc 'Jbtl)NA
f_n ,19ir's1A cti n ,n !t>C . l'<ISIJ to mo111: Sl1AU Glla'I-ITITIES
,ooSI ulirffl O body 1n+oUr<fCtl\s tquantitlrintrcltd ( rnergy,; • •- bu11dinqofCOmPIC1• '1/Cfll
•
llJSI
' -.. - ,. ' - bthind !ht 81·010 ·col ';)IISttm• ......._
to
For ccllulttr r(Q(tfonl,
Mrg ;I\.ICU!td
•.• , ··s 1~011maTlcr rnolttulU
ROE mo1tcu1e ,v
stable '--,
N1;,nJ!a~b~Ui~~~~S£.
----....-.. 1 .,_ ,c
l\,G,C,\l +i!":ir~Ifs\~S: tra;;:,~7t lor, ~:;:';~( SHA u'. : E/lSllYRffi I.Arr 111.ai' I' pump1nqr;;g:~1(J(phosph0dirsttr { pentose sugar-: deoxgribOSl'
I..... ~J:,htiis odoublthtliX ( ~~1:[;_ .r ATPis: 5,~~~J:qcd• or io~:no::a:,omcmbraneby bonds ( '\.<~R-PHOSPHAlf
llllh ,ntr9!1 ) ( . .
";;1ng1c strand
lR.180SE
SU()A"
,
"fDl'IA =ttrnplat<. whroq oJ PtJ)tidt NhtnRNil
~ • s ttqui!"(tth\ triplrl Pol~mtfQSt
c\r ~,trqrm_, rt<IChtl o •srop .
J
RTP- rt!Oti'(J mt -tt iring C0t.JTAINS(30ND
unsrabltt ronl!bt b< pruuis~yorcu~~n
srortt( ros-illj
_,
6ETWEEN PH0SP//A7Ef h4drOlysed to ttlrosoc
oqurourfnvinmmrnu ii11t1 INTERHE.0111TE chrm1ca1 mrrQl/ tnar c n
(
f\ ,G,(.;
\ \
t r( deo~q
'--..
acid
nbanuc.lt1C f>I\Clr,6(JNE hdd
toqtth~r t"rith
H'1oR06EN soNoS
Std to drttnninl' convettl'ti ,nro O ccoon' the tna,n \....... ..., EN£RG'I ~ r used ,11 rtacboos • f , , \.. \J ER'f 1arqe
mount °1- Jmoot rnrrqy to,grftllOll9h 1:1 bt polqmt'
thc_S'E.QJ.Je.NCE "I
om,no acid1 dun·nq Pnit.cin
/
m01,cu1r.,
s~ntnuir
~TERHINATl:O~
mltt1ft Pl"t - mRNlt dttaehCJ Qima 1~uirtd ro ,mascd
f ~ 9 -bond
i! usrfUI ,n Cr'IIUIQr
thand rtoctionr, not tl!f ni1ri,grnaut
pn,CfrW
ta•,....
(lo.rle molecult! contmntd in
StOI"( Cf chrmrcat 1
- · 5e uence ... ._a NE.f"" Ute 10, tthat rnc ,s , CO n "· • •
StOrfdQS \......,(~~8'ed wbcddlht;:(Y Ad;>:i~ ("' PO(tentraiencrgy C l-l G Np (
.A
fots- .r-Encrq~ rl it1tostd tninc ,) univtrstil ' ' ' ' ...__._,
.
R18O5oMES mRNA-GEN{oDE
eQsilq BROICE.~ CQlbohljd,olt/ Nhrn bi,ndr art 8ROKEtl nmt o/t.l"' Ribost v""" rnrrgy r nud s ceur
co11P1£MENTAPY
O0WN • onl rx,~ts
• whilSt it is i,cdrd
l
during h11Afoinsis A ~ uga r 3phOSphotc r~ttncy •
,. __ 1mpoflont •
in t.h~1Storage _
and
to DNA '"Jto makra CElLllLI\R Jact~ " T = d ql'OllPt transfer Of gcntt1 t nf0nnation to
coct, . srnon enoug,, protri11 Rl:SPIFll'lllON ' rrs nthtSist in ,
,--J \ \:
mQit, •
N "' ribonuc1~ir'" acid
i
\. ~o ltQ'<t nuc1,ar llJNITRBIL ~irtndo>vn to con~nsation. m~n>K:1n,
> ( pottr lll(ll<.C /\TP rtact1()11f , J NUC.LEOTIDE5-.:: nitroqtn·
mRNA ·d- Usfroe~o tr~nsfCr / rR~lh maintains wuctu,01 Q. I· 3 containin9 orqQnlc SUb<;,tancCS A ~tos, suoar= ribose
ONA co nuc ,Ul
--....., to cytopiasm
PROTEIN S'VNTHESI
ct Prottrn s4ntllCJiS ffqtr(rit
' SIQbr/1111
S plaqi
i n c n t o ~u~r.c"~~'
NIU\( L'OT
[.
JDEs 1
,J
l form the basis CJ t)r,. AQnd . . .A
l contain 3 groups:
...
/
,,-' (
t"-
phoc;phodlCltcrT· .
"J
O\\ on ~fbon
LRN-...JA=ma~ha1asrqumct<1 ovcgi%;ng....r G£NEflCCODE•
sc N ( e phosphatcgroup~ A GCU~ bondr '--.sinqi'
Strande d
1
an 111RNA codon WJ1h
basci a.l'I
~N-racoooN
uroo "I- ~u
toch b<Ke is on 1\l a~nq DNll l iMII U LE I( A( \D5 • penrose s11qar , , ,
'lM<lll +
:,aJ
e minoaCiditcod• 1
con:p,cmrntOI] UUUJ'I gcner
-~ -------"---~ . ·lhnor~ao,c
. Short- mo1ttu1e
[=\
POrt('l1tnplct/
_codo,,.,ach ,~l~1dl{ srctiom::i orc,srroes • nitroq~nous base-
_... codonronmRN~1110KtUI< tnplct/'""!fon ao,;,-,/<>ods '------' ltodt1f0raSPtc•ficpo1 11ptplldc ,,,----..J_ ~ em,cal +
chQrq d
J.. A nuc.ieotldt If. mou, usmq
ccomt attoChcY JUII 1 d· ·t bo5es 0 ,qaa"'IU
b tRNA molttulCI
to \. <.iMflll MOlfCOL£ '\.
~odrJ
ominoaeid 1:. stq~rn.-.,-, ~ffe11:tnht nil; ., r
.la •
I • •
'sp~c1t1c £:3'
1
l Sinq1c- d
ro
nuclcotidr,
basc11no9tll<
rnusrroorfor ,-J
ma", up C. -...,dlfft'!'tOI
nuc1tolldtf!
'--
th,
__,amino oc, 1tmridt tldttl into a Qmino ocrdr l DN~only unwinds In ONE' • ·ot • PURINE
tach tRNI\ c11n Ri~ 'doveiuhllpt
withonotod dirt'ction ONA po1qmc111St has so Adenine and bases .d Of( modr b~ Guan, • s
a d!g,rm1 SUG-AP 4 the chain sli9htl1J JOfl'W
blst . to ttp\ic~tr of the tcmplatr each p~l~qut~~o~n~o~c:
1 carbon 3
•noaca
I
dtff
titnt
I moic
'A ,&,C,ll
StQblr rn~nRN~
thl1sectiof!•
achcd
·:is·
l\~-~9'FFw~' '5tmnds ,n oppositcdircct;LJa,
'girno •
ba~w 1
:ii1~~"9 l~rsultt in_ DNfl lxlnq p111cTum(in hqtninr, ytosintand racil-:
uvn 1
Q pho~phOtC
( U p
'i R\ MIDINE J3
oe1tbon: Jp~~ ~i"
iR.RNSLAT\01'"
C'i) mRNRat)QclitH0noosi>mrat
•start'cod""· AUG
.
l)fAPolqm<<as<'Slips'
onttl)<otinqb~"'
0
(l~aiolli
~l~N~h~cho~-.ctobeJoincd
11
Stn.<1':Yf
s1rani= c;,- r, 111... "'}
'-•,,'"a ~IC
baSC:S HY~LYStSbmtkSdO~fhc
POl{\f\UC.leOtidCJ n~p lfCArnr-1.
.c\tRNA witha tOlTlpt,rncn~a'._11 (. ;<lllltn~~~~\,nc; Fragments ____ _ _ __,, "· · "' ,. '()NA rt'PlitatCS f0"
\9'.,...,dori attac~I tothrmRNA UA m,smout ,tpUC:att1,lcf.t~' • r(" ~ • • " " ' • r-J CELL DIVISION- O(W cells
00 1u'-v
l,i\-n,;, tRNA Is atrochccl to an ,noirt
1n~c1totidC.1 (10~ trS
i" ,.ft\1:rn1~s•"'l 1 . •i • "~
·;_ .._ -.,.~,.. Sem,- • conservat)vt
. rtPUcotlon: .f ~erd no-~ ONA for g rorllh an d
nt"' strnfld .-1o1o
."'~Glcpa;n/ • ·" ~' t•ssue ttpair
e,,l om1r,o0Cfd- HETI-110N1Ni-
Ri!:><>~O- rna~u Qlanq tllffloolDRN~nr\"JW\'11 inst.-..• n_. ' :.____/
I
1 }
;; rnom:wrs: Hydrogcnt'oncls ~ k R.EPRODUCTI0N· gametes
® brinq,nq a tRNA mo1CCUlt1
An emqtnt+ _RTP~rt' 11Stdiojoin d
nq A Pol mcrosr•sUPS • '"
-,.,•,r u~u,.
OLD !)NJ\
'
.., Double hdiic structurt um-rinds
•
require DNA to pass on g1~~at;or,
!
on~~p,Qt~baSt°' S(l\lltllCl<f'ollst[ ,,.
thr am,oo acids ""tho PEPTIDE boll ,..., v,-ihtn qcnt c~aw o \ '• ""· • •
n,(11 1 \P.tlA ~an ,·. addil or mo,, contoini111 r{l,°a1'eriongl ,-...) .!. mo1ccultl: . . • . •
con,ct onolhtrlflCOitd+
amino oc,d ' ht~nc~~' :::ibn::tJ ~~a~'t,:•• ~pl1)ttln's p,; _0111 DNA pol4mert1sc can onl~ ()NA frtc nucltotidts JOln the upantd bas,r DNA hd,oose ': breaks .
m :niir ;, rrprattd Until a •1t0p tOlbi txtnr bOSru poi,otd ST"!ctu.r. ~" bind to the 3'lal-ll tnd so NJ::1,..1 hqdroqtn bonds 11nd unmnds
"'•S rtOCht? S1>bst1tut10n• blfatol tra Ii~ 3' .,. ' Hgdroqtn bonds fOnn moltt.Ult
1'101111 l'lbOsomtl can truvtl a1onq ,., '(( rrom to _,
© mR,NAOHhq;ornttJmr-PQLY!0t1t
once o m~1a:u1c• trarucrioed, it m•~ ait "1
1nuc1rot;dtll!C11jbc,.
jXCHAN~ f-O'an~tfl(.ttir
r--1 .
Thr strnnd Cf DNA unnpptd f(O,m 1ttc, 3
, I; p ·
hosphodiC'Sttr bo
nd
s fOml bch-ltto
[)N(\ txilqmc:rost"-fOrtnS the
P.hOSf'haditfttr bonds
nu,c;~utth f~lj~O~~: ~ Nllcombinu "1th h~~tnl~~arr, g~.l!,:1ainin9..., etnd ron be con\iOUOUSly l't'Plkatcd ,... QS nuc\cotldtS ~tt'rletri nut\ totidcs
nb•s•nu trn,r.ncxrrrpli~QKU ht ~tro.nds unwmd
.b 1 ~RNA mood1rcu1u Qt!Och to od
n mRNll
on
ctuhr ta !t)dlatio.-.
....,,pa,,><ithc oir. 0re
~ a•. ..
a~~eo.ai~'t~~Pm,~~ 11 \,__ 1hlr St"'nd _ 1,.-..a•1. , , .._-4.~- _.
I
incortttI >'Ith 1 primori,
1m,ca1 basr,poiicd
domog,_ "'' ,u cts
• ""~ ,l i t ~: J
C'ff
TRIPlETCODE '
baSt • 1 amino acid, 4 pOSSib1r nmino acrdicanbcccded ror
If 3 bases, 1ani1no acid, G4 Possible am;noacrdrran be (octtd FoY
Q\WO~ movts along tht:
.......
'""'p lo d"S,"" r(?n d ·in t h c
I Qft)jr,oacrdl tmnrporud blftl1NII Un-. 1trc0!"1f>ltmrlll<lrtJ S~ructUtt 'f ptOttin ( only aff( Q dcntllerQtC
,:; same ,rtct,on
UPH2NA rttuf'IIJ 10 t~toPIAStn j>?l~p,p~d(• nucltot;d<toCOfllPld• • JII\Qxlrnumof. 1t ·
Shghtllj cha119rc1 1AMINO ACID teach 011111'() aod 11 roded fO'r O\! 11\0rt than
1 .,, • • •
•ti'o<!rom•rn~J uprnRN~ 111ti1t~! canp1c~ mutation rs npl(I
-4:!11£.
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