This set of IGCSE biology notes 0610/0970 has been compiled together and, in my perspective, will be very beneficial to several candidates. Definitions are given in their most straightforward form while yet allowing the candidate to receive the highest possible grade. The generated definitions will...
Definitions of Biology IGCSE <3
movement: an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of
position or place
respiration: the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules
and release energy for metabolism
sensitivity: the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external
environment and to make appropriate responses
growth: a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell
number or cell size or both
excretion: the removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism
(chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and
substances in excess of requirements
nutrition: taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development; plants
require light, carbon dioxide, water, and ions; animals need organic compounds
and ions and usually need water
reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
species: a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
the binomial system of naming species: an internationally agreed system in
which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the
genus and species
tissue: a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a
shared function
organ: a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform
specific functions
organ system: a group of organs with related functions, working together to
perform body functions
diffusion: the net movement of particles from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration
gradient, as a result of their random movement
, osmosis: the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water
potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated
solution), through a partially permeable membrane, down its concentration
gradient
active transport: the movement of particles (ions) through a cell membrane
from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, up
their concentration gradient, by carrier proteins using energy from respiration
(ATP)
metabolism: all the chemical changes that takes place withing an organism
catabolism: metabolic reactions through which complex substances are broken
into simpler ones, eg. digestion and respiration
anabolism: metabolic reactions through which complex substances are built
from simpler ones, eg. photosynthesis, growth, and tissue repair
catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not
changed by the reaction
biological catalyst: substances that speed up metabolic reactions without being
changed by the reaction and without changing the products
enzymes: proteins that function as biological catalysts
-they speed up a reaction
-build up (synthesise) or break down molecules
-enzymes lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place
substrate: -the molecule(s) before they are made to react
-it is the substance (chemical compound) on which an enzyme acts on
-each enzyme binds to a specific substrate to form an enzyme-substrate
complex
photosynthesis: the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from
raw materials using energy from light
limiting factor: something present in the environment in such short supply that
it restricts life processes
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