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samenvatting Preventie, veiligheid en toxicologie
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Preventie, veiligheid en toxicologieDocenten G. Blanckaert en Dr. Celine Gys – UAntwerpen – academiejaar 2021-2022
Opleiding Conservatie en Restauratie
Inhoudsopgave
1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Studieplanning ........................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Nut van de cursus .................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Opbouw van de cursus ............................................................................................. 11
1.4 Leerdoelen en evaluatievorm .................................................................................. 12
2 Inleiding en wettelijk kader ............................................................................................ 13
2.1 Arbeidswetgeving .................................................................................................... 13
2.1.1 Internationale richtlijnen .................................................................................. 13
2.1.2 Arbeidswetgeving Europese Unie ..................................................................... 14
2.1.3 Arbeidswetgeving België................................................................................... 17
2.1.4 Milieuwetgeving Vlaanderen ............................................................................ 19
2.1.5 Minimum vereisten werkplaats ........................................................................ 20
2.1.6 Etikettering ....................................................................................................... 23
2.1.7 Pictogrammen (klassen).................................................................................... 24
2.2 Vervoer van chemicaliën .......................................................................................... 28
2.3 Afvalverwijdering ..................................................................................................... 29
2.3.1 Risico’s .............................................................................................................. 29
2.3.2 Gevaarlijk vast afval .......................................................................................... 29
2.3.3 Gevaarlijk vloeibaar afval .................................................................................. 30
2.3.4 Kleine labo producten ....................................................................................... 35
3 Arbeidshygiëne ............................................................................................................... 36
Veiligheid, preventie en toxicologie 1
, 3.1 Pictogrammen .......................................................................................................... 37
3.1.1 Verbodstekens .................................................................................................. 37
3.1.2 Gebodstekens ................................................................................................... 37
3.1.3 Waarschuwingsborden ..................................................................................... 38
3.1.4 Reddingsborden ................................................................................................ 39
3.1.5 Brandbestrijdingsborden .................................................................................. 39
3.2 Collectieve beschermingsmiddelen.......................................................................... 40
3.2.1 Ventilatie en afzuiging ...................................................................................... 40
3.2.2 Opslag gevaarlijke chemicaliën ......................................................................... 41
3.2.3 Opslag gashouders onder druk ......................................................................... 42
3.3 Persoonlijke Beschermingsmiddelen (PBM) ............................................................. 43
3.3.1 Maskers ............................................................................................................ 43
3.3.2 Veiligheidsbrillen en schermen ......................................................................... 46
3.3.3 Handschoenen .................................................................................................. 46
3.3.4 Beschermende kledij......................................................................................... 50
3.4 Incidenten en Ongevallen ........................................................................................ 50
3.4.1 Arbeidsongevallen ............................................................................................ 51
3.5 Spill kit...................................................................................................................... 53
3.5.1 Vermiculiet ....................................................................................................... 55
4 Beroepsmatige blootstelling ........................................................................................... 56
4.1 Onderdelen .............................................................................................................. 57
4.1.1 Ademhalingswegen........................................................................................... 57
4.1.2 Bloed ................................................................................................................. 64
4.1.3 Huid .................................................................................................................. 68
4.1.4 Het oog ............................................................................................................. 76
4.2 Dispositie ................................................................................................................. 80
Veiligheid, preventie en toxicologie 2
, 4.2.1 Overgevoeligheidsreacties ................................................................................ 81
4.2.2 Beroepsastma ................................................................................................... 85
4.2.3 Huidziektes ....................................................................................................... 91
4.2.4 Zenuwziekte of neurotoxiciteit ......................................................................... 98
4.2.5 Carcinogeniteit................................................................................................ 100
5 Arbeidsgeneeskunde .................................................................................................... 101
5.1 Beroepsziekte ........................................................................................................ 101
5.1.1 De anamnese .................................................................................................. 102
5.1.2 Gegevens over de werkplaats ......................................................................... 105
5.1.3 Diagnose van een beroepsziekte .................................................................... 109
6 Beroepsmatige blootstelling aan gevaarlijke stoffen .................................................... 111
6.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................. 111
6.2 Blootstellingswegen ............................................................................................... 112
6.2.1 Inhalatie .......................................................................................................... 112
6.2.2 Huidcontact .................................................................................................... 114
6.2.3 Ingestie ........................................................................................................... 114
6.2.4 Types van gemengde blootstelling:................................................................. 115
6.3 Atmosferische monitoring ..................................................................................... 116
6.3.1 Threshold Limit Values (TLV) en grenswaarden .............................................. 116
6.3.2 Classificatie carcinogeniciteit bij ACGIH .......................................................... 123
6.3.3 samenvatting .................................................................................................. 127
6.4 Biomonitoring ........................................................................................................ 129
6.4.1 Betekenis van biomonitoring .......................................................................... 129
6.4.2 Vorming van metabolieten ............................................................................. 130
6.4.3 Onveranderde moleculen ............................................................................... 132
6.4.4 Anorganische moleculen................................................................................. 135
Veiligheid, preventie en toxicologie 3
, 6.4.5 Biomonitoring: staalcollectie .......................................................................... 136
6.5 Biologische effect monitoring: algemeen............................................................... 143
6.5.1 “Biological Effect Monitoring” of BEM ............................................................ 143
6.5.2 Biologisch effect monitoring: carcinogenen.................................................... 144
6.6 Samenvatting 2022 ................................................................................................ 145
7 Materialen en stoffen ................................................................................................... 146
7.1 Anorganische pigmenten ....................................................................................... 146
7.2 Arsenicum (As) ....................................................................................................... 148
7.2.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................... 148
7.2.2 Opname,distributie en metabolisme .............................................................. 149
7.2.3 Types As vergiftigingen ................................................................................... 150
7.2.4 Chronische vergiftiging door grondwater in Bangladesh ................................ 151
7.2.5 Mechanisme ................................................................................................... 152
7.2.6 Samenvatting .................................................................................................. 153
7.3 Cadmium (Cd) ........................................................................................................ 155
7.3.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................... 155
7.3.2 Metabolisme ................................................................................................... 155
7.3.3 Respiratoire toxiciteit ..................................................................................... 156
7.3.4 Nefrotoxiciteit ................................................................................................. 157
7.3.5 Bottoxiciteit .................................................................................................... 158
7.3.6 Andere pathologie .......................................................................................... 159
7.3.7 Case Itai Itai .................................................................................................... 160
7.3.8 Samenvatting cadmium .................................................................................. 161
7.4 Kobalt (Co) ............................................................................................................. 163
7.4.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................... 163
7.4.2 Biodisponibiliteit, distributie en metabolisme ................................................ 164
Veiligheid, preventie en toxicologie 4
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