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Introduction to Nursing Pathotherapeutics
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An introduction to Nursing Pathotherapeutics and Pathophysiology, week 1 and 2
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WEEK 1&2: INTRO TO COURSE; HEALTH AND DSE; PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGYHealth:
- In 1948, it is defined by WHO as the “state of complete physical, metal, ad social well being and not
merely the absence of dse
Disease:
- It is considered an acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic function
in one or more body system
- It has a specific signs and symptoms
- The aspects of the dse process include: (Explain the common terms used in health and disease)
➔ Etiology: the study of the cause of the dse
◆ Etiological Factors: the cause of dse (ie. biological, chemical agents, physical forces)
➔ Pathogenesis: it explains how the dse process evolves
◆ the sequence of cellular and tissue events from the initiation of the disease process until the
disease ultimately manifests
➔ Clinical manifestations (Physiologic Cues):
◆ The way in which the presence of dse becomes evident (e.g. fever)
◆ Manifestations/ Signs and Symptoms: the structural functional; changes that accompany a dse
● eg : Swollen extremity, difficulty breathing
◆ Signs: a clinical manifestation that can be observed
● Eg: labored breathing
◆ Symptoms: are subjective: identified and described by the pt.
● Eg: pain/abdominal discomfort
◆ Signs and Symptoms are cues that may be related to the primary disorder oy may represent the
body’s attempt to compensate for altered function
➔ Diagnoses: the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem (pangalan/ Identification ng
sakit?)
◆ Laboratory parameters are interpreted based on the measurements’:
a. Validity: the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
b. Reliability: extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result
c. Sensitivity:
d. Specificity:
◆ Standardization: it is aimed to at increasing trueness and reliability of measured values
◆ Laboratory tests, radiological studies are often used to determine or confirm a diagnosis
Normal Lab Values:
,HEMATOLOGY:
➔ Clinical course: describes the evolution of the dse
◆ A dse can have an:
a. Acute: one that is relatively severe, but self-limiting
b. Subacute: it is an intermediate b/w acute and chronic
c. Chronic: implies a continues, long-term process
- A dse may also be note clinically evident or apparent or clinical meaning sings and symptoms
are present
➔ Epidemiology and patterns of disease
◆ Epidemiology: the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible
control of dse and other factor relating to health
● It is originally developed to explain the spread of infectious dse bet has evolved to
include the study of risk factors
● Looks for patterns including race, age, geography, dietary habits, lifestyle etc.
◆ Patterns of Dse: the five periods of dse
1. Incubation
, 2. Prodromal
3. Illness
4. Decline
5. Convalescence periods
➔ Prevalence and incidence
◆ Prevalence: indicates how widespread the dse is
● is a measure of (the presence of) an existing disease (all cases) at a given point in time
● Eg: How many cases of Coronavirus were there in April? How does this compare to the
number of cases in August?
◆ Incidence: conveys information about the RISK of contracting dse
● Reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specific period
● Eg: Ontario provides us with daily cases of Covid 19
➔ Mortality and morbidity
◆ Mortality: condition of being dead -- hear about mortality in terms of death per population
● Eg: of all deaths in Ontario in 2015, 27% were from cancer
◆ Morbidity: condition of being ill
● Concerned with not only occurrence or incidence of a disease, but also examines the
long-term consequences of the disease
● Eg: costs in terms of money Re: impacts of illness, hospitalization costs, days-lost from
work
➔ Risk factors: characteristics that increase the likelihood of having X condition
◆ Conditions suspected of contributing to the development of dse (eg: high blood pressure, obesity,
smoking)
➔ Protective Factors: factors prevent or hinder illness process (eg: exercise, balanced diet)
➔ Collaborative Management: strategies to prevent, treat, and control illness and its adverse effects
◆ Includes:
● Independent nursing strategies
● Collaborative nursing, medical, other HCP’s (physio, OT, Dietician ect_
● Complementary
● Pharmacology
➔ Clinical Judgement: Nurses with the skills to recognize (cues), analyze, hypothesize and prioritize,
respond/take action, and evaluate appropriately should be able to deliver excellent care within a
multitude of contexts since they are more likely to make good clinical judgments
Why is it important for nurses to learn about pharmacology?
- When a nurse administers a medication, he/she has the final accountability and therefore must
understand all the actions, effects, benefits, and risks of the drug administered
PHARMACOLOGY KEY TERMS: (Pg.21, Liley)
2.Explain the common terms used in pharmacology.
PHASES OF DRUG ACTIVITY: (1) Pharmaceutics, (2) Pharmacokinetics, (3) Pharmacodynamics
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