Samenvatting Regulatie En Afweer 1 Eindtoets (40410RA10Y)
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Course
Regulatie En Afweer 1 (40410RA10Y)
Institution
Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
In deze samenvatting staan de onderwerpen besproken in week 1 tot en met 8 van RA-1 bondig samengevat. Deze samenvatting is te gebruiken voor zowel de eindtoets als voor de deeltoets.
Sectie 1: Metabole systeem en diabetes mellitus ............................................................................................. 9
Deel 1: Vertering, enzymen en energiehuishouding ............................................................................................ 9
Enzymen .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Begrippen .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Effecten van enzymen ............................................................................................................................... 10
Vertering ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Soorten vertering ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Energiehuishouding ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Stap 1: Glyco-lyse (lysis van glucose) ........................................................................................................ 11
Stap 2: Citroenzuurcyclus .......................................................................................................................... 13
STAP 1: Klaarmaken voor de start ......................................................................................................... 13
Stap 2: De gehele cyclus ........................................................................................................................ 13
Stap 3: Oxidatieve fosforylering ................................................................................................................ 15
Aantal ATP gevormd .............................................................................................................................. 16
Zijstapje: Lactaat anaerobe glycolyse............................................................................................................ 16
Deel 2: Metabole routes .................................................................................................................................... 17
Metabole routes per cel compartiment samenvatting ................................................................................. 18
Wat vindt plaats in welke cel? ...................................................................................................................... 19
De gluconeogenese ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Gevaste toestand ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Gehongerde toestand ............................................................................................................................... 20
Vetzuursynthese (lipogenese) ....................................................................................................................... 20
Vetsynthese................................................................................................................................................... 21
Lipolyse (weer lysis!) ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Eiwitafbraak: ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Afval opruimen: ureumcyclus ....................................................................................................................... 23
Ketogenese: energie ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Ketogenese en ketoacidose bij diabetes: .................................................................................................. 25
Glycogeen-metabolisme ............................................................................................................................... 26
Deel 3: insuline, glucagon en diabetes mellitus ................................................................................................ 26
Insuline en glucagon: in samenspel .............................................................................................................. 27
Insuline .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Vervolgstap insuline: binding .................................................................................................................... 30
Insuline en GLUT4 ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Insuline en het lichaam ............................................................................................................................. 33
Glucagon ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
Glucagon en het lichaam ........................................................................................................................... 34
Opname van glucose ................................................................................................................................. 35
1
, GLUT’s ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Km ............................................................................................................................................................. 37
Diabetes mellitus........................................................................................................................................... 38
DM1 en DM2 ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Het HbA1C ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Verschil tussen diabetes type 1 en hongertoestand ................................................................................. 39
DM1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 40
Testen voor DM1 ....................................................................................................................................... 40
DM2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 41
Fase 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 41
Fase 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 41
DM2 lifestyle/genetics .............................................................................................................................. 42
DM2 medicatie .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Insulineschema’s: behandelingen ............................................................................................................. 44
DEEL 2: BOVENBUIKKLACHTEN ......................................................................................................................... 49
Alarmsymptomen! ........................................................................................................................................ 49
Maagklachten ................................................................................................................................................ 50
Helicobactor Pylori .................................................................................................................................... 52
Testen op H. Pylori ................................................................................................................................ 52
Relaties met maagklachten ....................................................................................................................... 52
Behandeling van maagpijn ........................................................................................................................ 52
Regimes ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
Ulcus (meervoud: ulcera) .............................................................................................................................. 53
2 typen ulcera............................................................................................................................................ 54
Deel 3: embryologie .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Holtes ............................................................................................................................................................ 54
Pleuro-pericardiale membraan en pleuro-peritoneale membraan .............................................................. 56
Oesofagus en trachea, 28 dagen ................................................................................................................... 57
Afwijkende anatomie .................................................................................................................................... 57
De lever ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
Porta hepatis ............................................................................................................................................. 60
Lever en galblaas ....................................................................................................................................... 61
Embryologische vouwingen .......................................................................................................................... 61
Verdere embryologie: open-dicht-open?...................................................................................................... 63
Intraperitoneaal en retroperitoneaal ............................................................................................................ 63
Peritoneum............................................................................................................................................ 64
Intraperitoneaal .................................................................................................................................... 65
Primair retroperitoneaal ....................................................................................................................... 66
Secundair retroperitoneaal ................................................................................................................... 66
Verdere embryologie .................................................................................................................................... 66
Sectie 3: Zenuwstelsel en darmen .................................................................................................................. 67
Deel 1: Zenuwstelsel .......................................................................................................................................... 67
Deel 2: Darmmotiliteit ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Darmmotiliteit ............................................................................................................................................... 70
2 fases: Nuchter en gevoed ....................................................................................................................... 71
Nuchtere fase ........................................................................................................................................ 71
Gevoede fase ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Medicatie maag-darm motoriek ............................................................................................................... 74
Maagperistaltiek ........................................................................................................................................... 74
Sectie 4: De lever............................................................................................................................................ 75
Lever: acuut leverfalen .................................................................................................................................. 77
Lever en paracetamol.................................................................................................................................... 78
Hepatische encefalopathie............................................................................................................................ 79
Deel 1: Epithelen ............................................................................................................................................... 83
Naamgeving epitheel .................................................................................................................................... 83
Verschillende soorten epithelen ................................................................................................................... 84
De epidermis van de huid ............................................................................................................................. 84
Klieren: exo- en endocrien ............................................................................................................................ 85
Klieren: soorten ......................................................................................................................................... 86
Junctionele complexen ................................................................................................................................. 87
Cel-celverbindingen................................................................................................................................... 87
Cel-matrixverbindingen ............................................................................................................................. 88
Deel 2: Oesophagus en maag ............................................................................................................................ 89
Oesophagus ................................................................................................................................................... 89
Maag ............................................................................................................................................................. 90
Gastric pits ................................................................................................................................................ 91
Deel 3: De darm ................................................................................................................................................. 91
Histologie ...................................................................................................................................................... 92
Deel 2: Andere vormen van stapeling ............................................................................................................... 99
Stapeling van pigment ................................................................................................................................... 99
Exogeen pigment....................................................................................................................................... 99
Stapeling van kalk.......................................................................................................................................... 99
Amyloïd en amyloïdose ............................................................................................................................... 100
Sectie 8: Celdood en regeneratie .................................................................................................................. 101
Deel 1: Celdood ............................................................................................................................................... 101
Waarom celdood? ....................................................................................................................................... 102
Verlaging ATP .......................................................................................................................................... 102
Reacties bij weefselschade: mitochondriën ........................................................................................ 103
Opname van calcium ............................................................................................................................... 103
Membraanbeschadiging .......................................................................................................................... 103
Misvouwing van eiwitten ........................................................................................................................ 104
Reperfusieschade ........................................................................................................................................ 105
Kleuring en bloedmeting ............................................................................................................................. 105
Deel 2: Radicalen ............................................................................................................................................. 106
Redoxreacties .............................................................................................................................................. 106
Zuurstofradicalen ........................................................................................................................................ 106
Zuurstofradicalen: superoxide ................................................................................................................ 106
Zuurstofradicalen: vrij ijzer ..................................................................................................................... 107
Het probleem .......................................................................................................................................... 107
Verdedigingsmechanismen voor radicalen. ............................................................................................ 108
Deel 3: Necrose en apoptose ‘in depth’ ........................................................................................................... 109
Apoptose: stoffen........................................................................................................................................ 109
Apoptose: mitochondriaal vs. death receptor. ........................................................................................... 109
Apoptose: overlevingssignalen ................................................................................................................... 110
Necrose: verschillende soorten................................................................................................................... 110
Coagulatienecrose ................................................................................................................................... 110
Vervloeiingsnecrose ................................................................................................................................ 111
Necrose herkennen ................................................................................................................................. 112
Vetnecrose .............................................................................................................................................. 112
Verkazende necrose ................................................................................................................................ 113
Fibrinoïde necrose ................................................................................................................................... 113
Deel 1: ‘Beschrijf het met PROVOKE’ ............................................................................................................... 150
P - Plaats ...................................................................................................................................................... 150
R – Rangschikking ........................................................................................................................................ 150
O – Omvang ................................................................................................................................................. 150
V – Vorm...................................................................................................................................................... 151
O - Omtrek................................................................................................................................................... 152
Kleur ............................................................................................................................................................ 152
Efflorescentie .............................................................................................................................................. 152
Deel 2: Bacteriën ............................................................................................................................................. 153
Gram+ en Gram- | Endotoxinen en exotoxinen .......................................................................................... 153
gramkleuring ........................................................................................................................................... 153
Ziehl Neelsen-kleuring ............................................................................................................................. 154
bacterien: vormen ....................................................................................................................................... 155
pathogenen in het algemeen ...................................................................................................................... 155
Sectie 15: Toevoegingen over pathogenen ................................................................................................... 160
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