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Full course content for the memory topic in A-level psychology exam
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MemoryStudy online at https://quizlet.com/_9sdx5h
1. sensory memory stores the very brief information we receive from our 5
senses for a short period of time.
2. Coding the format that the memory is stored in
3. Capacity the amount of memory you can hold
4. Duration the length of time you can keep the memory for
5. Iconic store where visual images are kept for a short period of time
6. Echoic store where auditory senses are kept for a few seconds at most
7. Haptic store retains physical senses of touch
8. short-term mem- A temporary store for information from the present or
ory (STM) immediate past.
9. long-term memo- relatively permanent store for memories of events from
ry (LTM) the distant past.
10. what is the digit Joseph JACOBS (1887) used this experiment to find out
span the capacity for short-term memory.
11. Digit Span A researcher gives one digit/letter which the participant
Method (aged 8-19) has to recall out loud, in the correct order.
This is repeated and the number of digits gets longer until
they get one wrong.
12. Digit span re- the average STM for numbers was 9.3 and letters was 7.3
sults therefore, our short-term memory can only hold around
5-9 items of information. it increases with age.
13. Digit span weak- individual differences with ages were not taken into ac-
ness count. certain ages could have a better memory
14. Peterson and Pe- To investigate the duration of STM when rehearsal is
terson aim prevented. 1959
15.
, Memory
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Peterson and Pe- gave participants a trigram of letters and digits to look
terson method at and then were distracted with small tasks to prevent
rehearsal.
16. Peterson and Pe- 90% of information after 3 seconds
terson results 10% of information after 18 seconds. we can recall infor-
mation for 18-30 seconds
17. Peterson and Pe- not applicable to everyday life. no one learns meaningless
terson weakness letters. lacks external validity.
18. Conrad aim he investigated how STM encodes information acousti-
cally. 1964
19. Conrad method he presented participants with 6 letters at a time for 0.75
seconds. they had to recall the letters in the order they
were presented.
20. Conrad Results when letters sounded similar, there was more confu-
sion even if they were visually shown. coding in STM is
acoustic since people were more confused when letters
sounded similar rather than looked similar.
21. LTM capacity unlimited capacity, no evidence that anyone run's out
22. Marigold Linton 1975. aimed to see the capacity of LTM
aim
23. Marigold Linton kept a daily record of events in her life and assigned a key
method word to each day.
24. Marigold Linton when questioned up to 7 years later, she was able to recall
results the events of any one day 70% of the time. 11,000 events
recorded
25. Huang aim 1997 LTM capacity. university lecturer did an investigation
on himself
26. Huang method looked at his memory for 540 past students from over 20
years.
, Memory
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27. Huang results he accurately recognized past student 80% of the time.
LTM can retain large numbers of individual pieces of data
over long periods of time
28. Bahrick et al aim 1974, LTM duration by testing 400 participants aged
17-74 on their memory of classmates
29. Bahrick et al they had to recall the names of graduating classmates
method with and without photos
30. Bahrick et al re- photo recognition: 15 years- 90% accurate. 48 years- 70%
sults accurate.
free recall: 15 years- 60% accurate. 48 years- 30% accu-
rate
31. Bahrick et al participants may have looked at yearbook over the years
weakness giving them an advantage reducing internal validity
32. Goldman and duration of scents in LTM. 1992
Seamon aim
33. Goldman and asked participants to identify odours of products used in
Seamon method the last 2 years and those from childhood
34. Goldman and identification was better for recent odours. significant
Seamon results identification from scents from childhood. duration of
scent based info is long lasting.
35. Baddeley aim wanted to test the effects of acoustic and semantic simi-
larity in LTM
36. Baddeley results difficulty remembering acoustically similar words in STM.
difficulty remembering semantically similar words for LTM.
STM acoustic LTM semantic
37. Baddeley weak- Frost 1972, long term recall was related to visual as well
ness as semantic categories. Nelson and Rothbart 1972, found
evidence of acoustic coding in LTM. too simple to use just
one form of memory
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