,Einführung ................................................................................................................................... 8
Orientierung ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Hauptabschnitte des Nervensystems .................................................................................................. 9
Meningen ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Neuronen........................................................................................................................................... 10
Synapsen............................................................................................................................................ 12
Neurotransmitter .............................................................................................................................. 13
Neuroglia ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Zentrales Nervensystem .................................................................................................................... 16
Entwicklungsgeschichte des Nervensystems .................................................................................... 16
Blut-Hirn-Schranke ............................................................................................................................ 20
Fun Facts des Gehirns........................................................................................................................ 20
Telencephalon I .......................................................................................................................... 21
Fetogenese ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Zelluläre Differenzierung der Neuralrohrwand ................................................................................. 22
Cajal-Retzius-Zelle ............................................................................................................................. 23
Entwicklung der Cortexschichten ...................................................................................................... 23
Telencephalon (Endhirn) ................................................................................................................... 24
Ansicht von der Seite ..................................................................................................................... 26
Medialansicht/ Sagittalschnitt....................................................................................................... 28
Ansicht von basal ........................................................................................................................... 30
Anatomische Techniken .................................................................................................................... 33
Schichten ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Cytoarchitektur.................................................................................................................................. 36
Anatomische und funktionelle Parzellierung .................................................................................... 37
Gehirn im Ruhemodus....................................................................................................................... 42
Lokale (intrinsische) und weitreichende (extrinsische) Verbindungen ............................................. 43
Telencephalon II ......................................................................................................................... 47
Archicortex ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Hippocampus..................................................................................................................................... 47
Paläocortex (Rhinencephalon; „Riechhirn“/„Althirn“) ...................................................................... 52
Kerngebiete des Telencephalons /Telencephale Kerne .................................................................... 54
Claustrum .......................................................................................................................................... 59
Organisation der Basalganglien ......................................................................................................... 59
Morbus Parkinson ......................................................................................................................... 60
, Chorea Huntington ........................................................................................................................ 61
(Hemi-) Ballismus........................................................................................................................... 61
Amygdala ........................................................................................................................................... 63
Limbisches System............................................................................................................................. 65
Diencephalon ............................................................................................................................. 67
Ontogenese ....................................................................................................................................... 68
Thalamus (dorsalis)............................................................................................................................ 69
Kerne und Kerngruppen, Verbindungen, Topografie ........................................................................ 70
Verbindungen .................................................................................................................................... 71
Spezifische/ unspezifische Kerne vs. Core-Matrix Organisation ....................................................... 71
Thalamus ventralis (Subthalamus) .................................................................................................... 72
Nucleus subthalamicus .................................................................................................................. 73
Zona incerta ................................................................................................................................... 73
Nucleus reticularis thalami ............................................................................................................ 74
Hypothalamus ................................................................................................................................... 75
Verbindungen .................................................................................................................................... 77
Hormonwirkungen ............................................................................................................................ 78
HPA-Achse ......................................................................................................................................... 79
Mamillarkörper.................................................................................................................................. 79
Degenration der Mammilarkörper ................................................................................................ 80
Epithalamus ....................................................................................................................................... 80
Habenulae (Epiphysenstiele) ......................................................................................................... 81
Area/ Nuclei pretectales (PT) ........................................................................................................ 82
Glandua pinealis (Zirbeldrüse, Epiphyse, pineal gland)................................................................. 82
Organum subcommissurale (zirkumventrikuläres Organ, ZVO) .................................................... 83
Commissura habenularum und posterior ..................................................................................... 83
Makroskopie Diencephalon............................................................................................................... 84
Hirnstamm (Truncus encephali) .................................................................................................. 89
Erinnerung aus der Embryonalgenese .............................................................................................. 90
Makroskopische Entwicklung des Hirnstamms ................................................................................. 93
Grundbauplan: Mesencephalon ........................................................................................................ 94
Grundbauplan: Met- und Myelencephalons ..................................................................................... 95
Makroskopie ...................................................................................................................................... 96
Mesencephalon - dorsale Ansicht ................................................................................................. 96
Mesencephalon - laterale Ansicht ................................................................................................. 97
Mesencephalon - basale Ansicht ................................................................................................... 98
, Metencephalon und Myelencephalon – laterale Ansicht ............................................................. 99
Metencephalon und Myelencephalon – dorsale Ansicht ........................................................... 100
Metencephalon und Myelencephalon – ventrale Ansicht .......................................................... 101
Neurotransmittersysteme ............................................................................................................... 102
Chemisch charakterisierbare Neurone........................................................................................ 103
Acetylcholin ................................................................................................................................. 104
Noradrenalin und Adrenalin ........................................................................................................ 106
Dopamin ...................................................................................................................................... 107
Serotonin (5HT; 5-Hydrocytryptamin) ......................................................................................... 109
Histamin....................................................................................................................................... 110
Glutamat ...................................................................................................................................... 111
Glycin ........................................................................................................................................... 111
GABA Gamma-Aminobuttersäure ............................................................................................... 112
Funktionelle Gliederung (Zonen) Spezielle Kerne und Komplexe ................................................... 113
Funktionelle Klassifizierung der Hirnnerven ............................................................................... 113
Funktionelle Längszonen ............................................................................................................. 114
Hirnnerven: Motorisch, sensorisch, gemischt ............................................................................. 116
Weitere Kernkomplexe des Met- und Myelencephalons ........................................................... 117
Nucleus ruber .............................................................................................................................. 117
Brückenkerne (Ncll. pontis) ......................................................................................................... 118
Olivenkernkomplex (Ncll. olivares inferiores) ............................................................................. 118
Zentrale Regulation der Motorik: Hirnnerven............................................................................. 119
Vierhügelplatte (Lamina quadrigemina) ..................................................................................... 119
Colliculi superiores ...................................................................................................................... 119
Colliculi inferiores ........................................................................................................................ 120
Formatio reticularis ..................................................................................................................... 120
Hirnhäute, Liquorsystem, Blutversorgung ..................................................................................122
Meningen cranialis/ des Gehirns ..................................................................................................... 122
Intracranielle Blutungen .............................................................................................................. 123
Zisternen des Subarachnoidalraumes ......................................................................................... 124
Meningen spinales/ des Rückenmarks ............................................................................................ 126
Liquorsysteme/ Ventrikelsystem ..................................................................................................... 127
Plexus Choroidei .............................................................................................................................. 128
Liquor cerebrospinalis ..................................................................................................................... 129
Blut-Hirn-Schranke .......................................................................................................................... 130
Zirkumventrikuläre Organe ............................................................................................................. 130
Orientierung ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Hauptabschnitte des Nervensystems .................................................................................................. 9
Meningen ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Neuronen........................................................................................................................................... 10
Synapsen............................................................................................................................................ 12
Neurotransmitter .............................................................................................................................. 13
Neuroglia ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Zentrales Nervensystem .................................................................................................................... 16
Entwicklungsgeschichte des Nervensystems .................................................................................... 16
Blut-Hirn-Schranke ............................................................................................................................ 20
Fun Facts des Gehirns........................................................................................................................ 20
Telencephalon I .......................................................................................................................... 21
Fetogenese ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Zelluläre Differenzierung der Neuralrohrwand ................................................................................. 22
Cajal-Retzius-Zelle ............................................................................................................................. 23
Entwicklung der Cortexschichten ...................................................................................................... 23
Telencephalon (Endhirn) ................................................................................................................... 24
Ansicht von der Seite ..................................................................................................................... 26
Medialansicht/ Sagittalschnitt....................................................................................................... 28
Ansicht von basal ........................................................................................................................... 30
Anatomische Techniken .................................................................................................................... 33
Schichten ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Cytoarchitektur.................................................................................................................................. 36
Anatomische und funktionelle Parzellierung .................................................................................... 37
Gehirn im Ruhemodus....................................................................................................................... 42
Lokale (intrinsische) und weitreichende (extrinsische) Verbindungen ............................................. 43
Telencephalon II ......................................................................................................................... 47
Archicortex ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Hippocampus..................................................................................................................................... 47
Paläocortex (Rhinencephalon; „Riechhirn“/„Althirn“) ...................................................................... 52
Kerngebiete des Telencephalons /Telencephale Kerne .................................................................... 54
Claustrum .......................................................................................................................................... 59
Organisation der Basalganglien ......................................................................................................... 59
Morbus Parkinson ......................................................................................................................... 60
, Chorea Huntington ........................................................................................................................ 61
(Hemi-) Ballismus........................................................................................................................... 61
Amygdala ........................................................................................................................................... 63
Limbisches System............................................................................................................................. 65
Diencephalon ............................................................................................................................. 67
Ontogenese ....................................................................................................................................... 68
Thalamus (dorsalis)............................................................................................................................ 69
Kerne und Kerngruppen, Verbindungen, Topografie ........................................................................ 70
Verbindungen .................................................................................................................................... 71
Spezifische/ unspezifische Kerne vs. Core-Matrix Organisation ....................................................... 71
Thalamus ventralis (Subthalamus) .................................................................................................... 72
Nucleus subthalamicus .................................................................................................................. 73
Zona incerta ................................................................................................................................... 73
Nucleus reticularis thalami ............................................................................................................ 74
Hypothalamus ................................................................................................................................... 75
Verbindungen .................................................................................................................................... 77
Hormonwirkungen ............................................................................................................................ 78
HPA-Achse ......................................................................................................................................... 79
Mamillarkörper.................................................................................................................................. 79
Degenration der Mammilarkörper ................................................................................................ 80
Epithalamus ....................................................................................................................................... 80
Habenulae (Epiphysenstiele) ......................................................................................................... 81
Area/ Nuclei pretectales (PT) ........................................................................................................ 82
Glandua pinealis (Zirbeldrüse, Epiphyse, pineal gland)................................................................. 82
Organum subcommissurale (zirkumventrikuläres Organ, ZVO) .................................................... 83
Commissura habenularum und posterior ..................................................................................... 83
Makroskopie Diencephalon............................................................................................................... 84
Hirnstamm (Truncus encephali) .................................................................................................. 89
Erinnerung aus der Embryonalgenese .............................................................................................. 90
Makroskopische Entwicklung des Hirnstamms ................................................................................. 93
Grundbauplan: Mesencephalon ........................................................................................................ 94
Grundbauplan: Met- und Myelencephalons ..................................................................................... 95
Makroskopie ...................................................................................................................................... 96
Mesencephalon - dorsale Ansicht ................................................................................................. 96
Mesencephalon - laterale Ansicht ................................................................................................. 97
Mesencephalon - basale Ansicht ................................................................................................... 98
, Metencephalon und Myelencephalon – laterale Ansicht ............................................................. 99
Metencephalon und Myelencephalon – dorsale Ansicht ........................................................... 100
Metencephalon und Myelencephalon – ventrale Ansicht .......................................................... 101
Neurotransmittersysteme ............................................................................................................... 102
Chemisch charakterisierbare Neurone........................................................................................ 103
Acetylcholin ................................................................................................................................. 104
Noradrenalin und Adrenalin ........................................................................................................ 106
Dopamin ...................................................................................................................................... 107
Serotonin (5HT; 5-Hydrocytryptamin) ......................................................................................... 109
Histamin....................................................................................................................................... 110
Glutamat ...................................................................................................................................... 111
Glycin ........................................................................................................................................... 111
GABA Gamma-Aminobuttersäure ............................................................................................... 112
Funktionelle Gliederung (Zonen) Spezielle Kerne und Komplexe ................................................... 113
Funktionelle Klassifizierung der Hirnnerven ............................................................................... 113
Funktionelle Längszonen ............................................................................................................. 114
Hirnnerven: Motorisch, sensorisch, gemischt ............................................................................. 116
Weitere Kernkomplexe des Met- und Myelencephalons ........................................................... 117
Nucleus ruber .............................................................................................................................. 117
Brückenkerne (Ncll. pontis) ......................................................................................................... 118
Olivenkernkomplex (Ncll. olivares inferiores) ............................................................................. 118
Zentrale Regulation der Motorik: Hirnnerven............................................................................. 119
Vierhügelplatte (Lamina quadrigemina) ..................................................................................... 119
Colliculi superiores ...................................................................................................................... 119
Colliculi inferiores ........................................................................................................................ 120
Formatio reticularis ..................................................................................................................... 120
Hirnhäute, Liquorsystem, Blutversorgung ..................................................................................122
Meningen cranialis/ des Gehirns ..................................................................................................... 122
Intracranielle Blutungen .............................................................................................................. 123
Zisternen des Subarachnoidalraumes ......................................................................................... 124
Meningen spinales/ des Rückenmarks ............................................................................................ 126
Liquorsysteme/ Ventrikelsystem ..................................................................................................... 127
Plexus Choroidei .............................................................................................................................. 128
Liquor cerebrospinalis ..................................................................................................................... 129
Blut-Hirn-Schranke .......................................................................................................................... 130
Zirkumventrikuläre Organe ............................................................................................................. 130
