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Samenvatting Examen levenslooppsychologie
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levenslooppsychologieInhoudsopgave
Terreinverkenning ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Definitie .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Kwantitatief en kwalitatief ................................................................................................................................. 4
Ontwikkelingsgebieden ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Continue of discontinue verandering.................................................................................................................. 5
Nature versus nurture ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Rol van erfelijkheid ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Rol van omgeving ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Twee fundamentele ontwikkelingstheorieën ..................................................................................................... 7
Erik Erikson .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Jean Piaget ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
De prenatale ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................. 10
Ontwikkeling van embryo en foetus ................................................................................................................. 10
Kiemstadium ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Embryonaal stadium .................................................................................................................................... 10
Foetaal stadium ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Intermezzo ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
Fysieke veranderingen: ................................................................................................................................ 11
Psychische beleving: .................................................................................................................................... 11
Prenatale omgevingsinvloeden ........................................................................................................................ 11
Fysische invloeden ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Psychologische invloeden ............................................................................................................................ 12
De geboorte ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Tijdstip van de geboorte .............................................................................................................................. 12
Geboortegewicht ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Apgar-score ................................................................................................................................................. 12
De babytijd ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Uitrusting van de pasgeborene ........................................................................................................................ 14
Motorisch reacties ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Reflexen .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Gedragstoestanden ................................................................................................................................ 15
Waarneming en cognitieve functies ............................................................................................................ 15
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................ 15
Elementaire leerproces ........................................................................................................................... 16
Sociale gerichtheid en emoties .................................................................................................................... 16
Verdere motorische ontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................... 17
Ontwikkeling in de waarneming en de cognitie ............................................................................................... 18
Sensomotorische ontwikkelingsperiode (Jean Piaget) ................................................................................ 18
Leren en geheugen ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Taalontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................... 18
, levenslooppsychologie
Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 19
Het ontstaan van een hechtingsrelatie ....................................................................................................... 19
4 hechtingstypes .......................................................................................................................................... 20
De peuterjaren ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................... 21
Grove motoriek............................................................................................................................................ 21
Fijne motoriek.............................................................................................................................................. 21
Zindelijkheid ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Ontwikkeling in de waarneming en het mentaal functioneren ........................................................................ 21
Ontwikkeling van het denken (Piaget) ......................................................................................................... 22
Einde van het senso-motorische (1-2 jaar) .................................................................................................. 22
Begin van pre-operationeel denken (1,5 – 3 jaar) ....................................................................................... 22
Kenmerken dat je in de pre-operationele fase zit .................................................................................. 22
Verwarren tussen fantasie en werkelijkheid .......................................................................................... 23
Perconceptuele denken .......................................................................................................................... 23
Taalontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 24
Kernconflict Erikson ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Kleuterjaren ................................................................................................................................................... 25
Lichamelijke en motorische ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................... 25
Aanvullende voorbeelden (grove motoriek 3-5 jaar) .................................................................................. 25
Aanvullende voorbeelden (fijne motoriek 3-5 jaar) .................................................................................... 25
De evolutie van de kindertekening .............................................................................................................. 26
Ontwikkeling in de waarneming en het mentaal functioneren ........................................................................ 27
Het preoperationele denken (Piaget) .......................................................................................................... 27
Enkele afzonderlijke processen (Piaget) ...................................................................................................... 27
Taalontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 28
Sociale ontwikkeling: groeiend zelfbewustzijn ............................................................................................ 28
Relatie met leeftijdgenoten .................................................................................................................... 28
Zelfconcept ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Ontwikkelen van een genderidentiteit ................................................................................................... 28
Dynamisch – affectieve ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 29
Ontstaan van moreel besef..................................................................................................................... 29
Taakgerichtheid ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Gevoelens en emoties ............................................................................................................................ 29
Kernconflict: initiatief – schuldgevoelens ............................................................................................... 29
Schoolperiode ................................................................................................................................................ 30
Intro .................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Lichamelijke ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................ 31
Motorische ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................. 31
Grove motoriek............................................................................................................................................ 31
Fijne motoriek.............................................................................................................................................. 31
Ontwikkeling in de waarneming en het mentaal functioneren ........................................................................ 32
Fantasie ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
Taalontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 32
Het zelfconcept ............................................................................................................................................ 33
, levenslooppsychologie
Dynamisch – affectieve ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................... 33
De adolescentie .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Intro .................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Lichamelijke ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................ 35
Acceleratiefenomeen .................................................................................................................................. 36
Grote verschillen tussen jongeren in tijdstip van lichamelijke veranderingen ............................................ 36
Psychologische gevolgen van de lichaamsverandering ............................................................................... 37
Cognitieve ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................... 37
Formeel-operationeel denken (FOD) ........................................................................................................... 37
Gevolgen van het formeel-operationeel denken: .................................................................................. 37
Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 38
Verandering in de relatie met ouders ......................................................................................................... 38
Opvoeden tot zelfstandigheid ..................................................................................................................... 38
Effecten op de adolescent ........................................................................................................................... 38
Toenemend belang van leeftijdsgenoten .................................................................................................... 39
Dynamisch-affectieve ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................. 39
Kernconflict.................................................................................................................................................. 39
Verschillende ontwikkelingspatronen ......................................................................................................... 39
De oudere volwassenheid .............................................................................................................................. 40
Beeldvorming ................................................................................................................................................... 40
Lichamelijke en psychisch welbevinden ............................................................................................................ 42
Lichamelijke veranderingen (individuele verschillen) ....................................................................................... 42
Psychologische reacties op lichaamsverandering ............................................................................................ 43
Reactiewijzen of copingstrategieën ............................................................................................................. 43
Externe hulpmiddelen ................................................................................................................................. 43
Aanpassen eigen levensstijl ......................................................................................................................... 44
Cognitieve ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................... 44
Synthese ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 45
Dynamisch-affectieve ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................. 46
het levenseinde ........................................................................................................................................... 46
, levenslooppsychologie
Terreinverkenning
Definitie
Levenslooppsychologie
= de studie van het gedrag doorheen de verschillende levensfasen van de mens.
Ruime betekenis:
- Zichtbare handelen
- Waarnemen
- Denken
- Fantaseren
- Gevoelens en verlangens
Kwantitatief en kwalitatief
Ontwikkeling is kwantitatief en kwalitatief
Kwantitatief: groeien, meer woordjes (meer woordenschat) ➔ positief
“krimpen” ➔ negatief
Kwalitatief: kwaliteit uitspraak, oog-hand coördinatie
Ontwikkelingsgebieden
(termen kennen, voorbeelden geven en herkennen)
- Biologisch of lichamelijke ontwikkeling
➔ bv. Verandering binnen puberteit
- Motorische ontwikkeling
➔ fijne & grove motoriek
- Cognitieve ontwikkeling
➔ verstandelijke ontwikkeling
- Affectieve ontwikkeling
➔ gevoelsontwikkeling
- Sociale ontwikkeling
➔ hoe je met elkaar omgaat
- Morele ontwikkeling
➔ waarden & normen, goed of slecht. Bv kleuters gaan bepaalde dingen niet doen
want mag niet van mama of papa
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