Summary Chapter by Chapter Study Notes of Psychology Textbook
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Course
Psychology (PSYCH1100)
Institution
Lakehead University (LakeheadU
)
Book
Psychology
This document includes a chapter-by-chapter study guide to Weiten and McCann's "Psychology Themes and Variations" (fifth edition). Additionally, a mock exam has been included with fake midterm and final exam questions. Most chapter summaries also include pictures from the textbook to explain better...
Psychology
Ms. Barnes
Room 1033
● Watch Crash Course on Psychology
Chapter One
Psychology is the science of behaviour and the mind, including conscious and unconscious
phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.
Research Areas
1. Developmental psychology
2. Social psychology
3. Educational psychology
4. Health psychology
5. Experimental psychology
6. Physiological psychology
7. Cognitive psychology
8. Physiometrics
9. Personality
Applied Specialties
1. Clinical Psych.
2. Counselling psych.
3. Educational and school psych.
4. Industrial/Organizational psych.
Where Did Psychology Come From?
Psychology was born in 1879 (roughly) and it is derived equally from Philosophy and
Physiology.
Philosophy
● Armchair philosophy
● Speculation about empiricism
● Speculation about science of mind
Physiology
● Empirical method
● Beginnings of a science of mind
● Scientific method & empirical studies on philosophy of the mind
Empiricism is the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated
by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in
particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
, The Development of Psychology
Prior to 1879, philosophy and physiology scholars pondered questions about the mind.
Wundt (1832-1920) campaigned to make psychology an independent discipline. He established
the first laboratory of psychology in 1879. Psychology was born.
Historical Origins
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
● Rationalist: True knowledge comes through reasoning
● Nativist: Heredity provides individuals with inborn knowledge and abilities and we use
this to reason (nature NOT nurture)
● We are to doubt everything- that’s the only way we can be certain about anything
John Locke (1632-1704)
● Saw the mind as receptive and passive with its main goal as sensing and percieving
● Empiricist: Knowledge is gained through experience- Tabula Rasa- we are born as a
blank slate, everything we know is learned (nurture NOT nature)
● Direct contrast to rationalism and nativism
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
1. Sensation and perception
2. Reaction time (vary stimulus, measure rt)
3. Attention association and feeling (e.g. word associations)
Sensation: Objective contents of experience
Feelings: Also part of conscious experience. Introspective reports of feelings as they occurred.
Defined along three dimensions:
1. Pleasant vs. unpleasant
2. High vs low arousal
3. Concentrated vs relaxed attention
● Believed introspection was the best way to collect data
● Introspection was his method
● Consciousness was described as combinations of feelings and sensations
● Graduates of Wundt’s program set up more laboratories across Europe and North
America
Structuralism V.S. Functionalism
Structuralism - what is the mind - what are its parts
Functionalism - what is it for - what is its use
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