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EAPS 105, The PlanetsExam 2 Study Guide
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From the lecture slides you should know the following:
Unit 4: Heating and Cooling
1. Consequence of a planet or moon being hot inside.
a. Differentiation, Magnetic Fields, Plate Tectonics, and
2. The state (solid/liquid) of each layer in the Earth.
a. Crust - Solid
b. Mantle - Solid
c. Outer Core - Liquid
d. Inner Core - Solid
3. How Earth’s internal temperature compares to that of the surface of the Sun.
a. Earth’s inner core is almost as hot as the surface of the Sun, but is solid due to
higher pressure
4. What happens to atoms when they heat up._
a. The atoms vibrate more rapidly with an increase in temperature
i. This is how temperature is measured; by measuring how much an
object’s atoms are vibrating
5. How accretion leads to heat.
a. Kinetic energy of objects colliding is converted to heat via deformation and
friction.
b. Accretion- (assemblage of a planet through collisions)
6. How core formation leads to heat.
a. When iron within a melted interior falls into the core during differentiation, it
causes the core to deform, which produces heat
i. Amounts to about ~10% of that produced during accretion (slower speeds
and less deformation)
7. What is meant by primordial heating.
a. Accretion and core formation
i. Only occurred early during a planet’s formation
8. The primary source of Jupiter’s moon Io’s internal heat.
, a. Tidal Heating
i. Due to Io’s elliptical orbit around Jupiter, the gravitational force of Jupiter
causes Io to continuously elongate and shorten by ~100 meters
depending on its position in its orbit.
9. Why Lord Kelvin’s calculation of the age of the Earth did not work.smalle
a. He neglected heat associated with radioactive decay.
10. How radioactive decay produces heat.
a. The nucleus of an unstable atom transforms into a stable atom by throwing off
neutrons or protons, which causes collisions that produce heat. smaller planets
11. What contributes to the current internal temperature of the Earth.
a. Earth’s internal heat today is about half from radioactive decay and half from
primordial sources (accretion and core formation)
12. Why smaller planets cool faster than larger ones.
a. Combination of less initial primordial heat (less impacts, smaller core), less
radioactive elements to keep them hot, as well that smaller bodies have larger
surface areas to volume ratios, enabling them to lose heat more efficiently.
13. Why Pluto is still hot inside.
a. We’re not sure
14. The mediums by which conduction, convection, and radiative heat transfer move
heat.
a. Convection: Fluids (Liquid and Gas, and Solids if it behaves like a fluid)
i. If the solid behaves like a fluid, it is called solid state convection
b. Conduction: Solid
c. Radiation: Electromagnetic waves / Light
15. How conduction transfers heat.
a. Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid by the spread of vibrations
i. The hotter atoms are, the more they vibrate
16. How convection transfers heat.
a. Convection is the transfer of heat through fluid motion
17. The difference between radioactive decay and radiative heat transfer.
a. Radioactive decay produces heat in the interiors of planets
b. Radiative heat gets rid of heat at a planet’s surface
18. How each layer within the Earth transfers heat.
a. Lithosphere (solid)- Conduction
b. Mantle (solid)- Convection
c. Outer core (liquid)- Convection
d. Inner core (solid)- Conduction tectonic plates
19. What lithosphere is.
a. Strong outer shell of the Earth consisting of the strong crust and uppermost solid
mantle.
b. Heats through conduction
20. What the asthenosphere is.
a. Underlies the lithosphere and is hot enough to flow like a fluid even though it
remains a solid
, i. Weakness of the asthenosphere allows tectonic plates to slide around the
surface of the Earth
21. Why drives plate tectonics
a. Convection/weakness in the asthenosphere.
22. What a mid-ocean ridge is.
a. A location where two oceanic plates are spreading apart due to convection in the
asthenosphere underneath it, usually where heat is moving upwards.
i. This is also known as a Divergent Boundary
b. Where the oceanic lithosphere (crust) is created.
23. What a subduction zone is.
a. A location where one (oceanic) plate is being forced underneath another (oceanic
or continental) plate. This happens when the one plate cools and is denser,
causing it to cycle back into the asthenosphere as a part of the convection
process
i. Also known as a Convergent Boundary.
b. Where oceanic crust is consumed back into the mantle.
24. What a transform fault is.
a. A break between two plates where they move past each other as opposed to
moving towards (convergent) each other or away (divergent) from each other
i. Also known as a strike slip fault
25. Where strike slip faults are found besides Earth.
a. Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede
26. The tell-tale signs of plate tectonics.
a. Subduction zones and mid-ocean ridges (places where plate is consumed and
created respectively).
27. Which other terrestrial planets currently exhibit plate tectonics.thrust
a. None of them.
28. Why there are thrust faults on Mercury and The Moon.
a. The surface of the Moon and Mercury are contracting as their interiors cool,
causing thrust faults
i. Both of these planets are single-plate and have cooling interiors
29. Why there are thrust faults on Pluto.
a. A cooling subsurface ocean is causing thrust fault because when water freezes it
expands
i. In comparison to rock which contracts when it freezes.
30. Why Venus does not experience plate tectonics.
a. Two Possibilities
i. Venus is so hot that its lithosphere may slowly flow rather than break into
plates
ii. Venus is so dry that its lithosphere may be too strong to break
31. What happened to Venus’ surface about 500 million years ago
a. The entire planet was catastrophically resurfaced by volcanism about 500 million
years ago
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