Psychologische basisvaardigheden en gespreksvoerin
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SAMENVATTING: Psychologische basisvaardigheden van gespreksvoering
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Psychologische basisvaardigheden en gespreksvoerin
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Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Psychologische basisvaardigheden en gespreksvoering. Wordt gegeven in het schakeljaar van seksuologie, maar ook in eerste bachelor psychologie, criminologie,...
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psychologische basisvaardigheden van gespreksvoering
psychologische basisvaardigheden seksuologie
psychologische basisvaardigheden
gespreksvoering seksuologie
psychologische basisvaardighe
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Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Schakeljaar Seksuologie
Psychologische basisvaardigheden en gespreksvoerin
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INHOUD
1. Basishouding ............................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Met aandachtig luisteren als basishouding ................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Basisinstrumentarium van de hulpverlener ........................................................................................... 6
1.1.2 Luisteren ................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Met aandachtig luisteren enkele technische aspecten ................................................................................. 7
1.2.1 Het externe kader .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2 Interne voorwaarden ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 Aandacht tot uitdrukking brengen ......................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4 Enkele elementen die bijdragen tot een goede (interne) luisterhouding .............................................. 8
1.2.5 Belang van feedback doorheen je leerproces ........................................................................................ 8
1.2.6 Specifieke vaardigheden bij luisteren .................................................................................................... 9
1.2.7 Gebeuren en affectieve kleur ................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.8 Metafore registers en symbolen ............................................................................................................ 9
1.2.9 Luisteren binnen een werkrelatie ........................................................................................................ 10
1.2.10 Blokkades bij het luisteren ................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.11 Slotbedenkingen ................................................................................................................................ 10
2. Observatie.............................................................................................................................. 10
2.1 Met aandacht kijken naar non-verbale aspecten van communicatie ......................................................... 10
2.1.1 Observatie versus interview ................................................................................................................. 10
2.1.2 Gesprek/interview en observatie = 2 perspectieven op één realiteit .................................................. 11
2.2 Participerend observeren ............................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Twee pijlers ..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Een observatiekader............................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.3.1 Lichamelijke verschijning ............................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3.2 Cognitief functioneren en denkprocessen ..................................................................................... 12
2.2.3.3 Spreken, taal, narratieve mogelijkheden....................................................................................... 12
2.2.3.4 Algemene stemming...................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3.5 Specifieke affecten en angsten ...................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3.6 Relationele capaciteiten ................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.3.7 Gebruik van de ruimte ................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3.8 Spel en gesprek .............................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.4 Verloop ................................................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.4.1 Voorbereiding ................................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.4.2 Beginfase ....................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.4.3 middenfase .................................................................................................................................... 14
, 2.2.4.4 Eindfase ......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.4.5 Slotbedenkingen ............................................................................................................................ 15
3. Luisteren in een gesprekssituatie ............................................................................................ 15
3.1 Gespreksmodel Egan ................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Rol van de hulpverlener .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.3 Gesprekken ................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.3.1 Fase 1: Samen zicht op problemen ...................................................................................................... 17
3.3.2 Luisteren ............................................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.2.1 Vragen stellen................................................................................................................................ 17
3.3.2.2 Parafraseren van de inhoud .......................................................................................................... 18
3.3.2.3 Reflecteren van gevoel .................................................................................................................. 18
3.3.2.4 Concretiseren................................................................................................................................. 19
3.3.2.5 Samenvatten ................................................................................................................................. 19
4. Verdiepende vaardigheden ..................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Verschil basis- en verdiepende vaardigheden............................................................................................. 20
4.2 Verdiepende vaardigheden ......................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Exploratie-bevorderende vaardigheden .............................................................................................. 21
4.2.1.1 Reflectie van de onderliggende beleving ....................................................................................... 21
4.2.1.2 Interpreteren ................................................................................................................................. 22
4.2.1.3 Zelfonthulling ................................................................................................................................ 23
4.2.1.4 Hier en nu ...................................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.2 Ontregelende of uitdagende vaardigheden ......................................................................................... 24
4.2.2.1 Confronteren ................................................................................................................................. 24
4.2.2.2 Directheid ...................................................................................................................................... 25
5. Empathie ................................................................................................................................ 26
5.1 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.1 Omschrijven van empathie .................................................................................................................. 26
5.1.1.1 Eerste element ............................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.1.2 Tweede element ............................................................................................................................ 26
5.2 Helpende en belemmerende aspecten ....................................................................................................... 27
5.2.1 Binnenkant empathie ........................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.2 Buitenkant empathie ............................................................................................................................ 28
5.3 functies van empathie ................................................................................................................................. 28
5.3.1 De interpersoonlijke functie................................................................................................................. 28
5.3.2 De deconstructieve functie .................................................................................................................. 28
5.3.3 De affect-regulerende functie .............................................................................................................. 28
, 5.3.4 De versterkende functie ....................................................................................................................... 29
6; Persoon van de hulpverlener .................................................................................................. 29
6.1 Keuze voor het werken met mensen en relaties ........................................................................................ 29
6.1.1 Factoren die een rol spelen in keuzes die je maakt ............................................................................. 29
6.1.2 Motivatie om dit werk te doen ............................................................................................................ 30
6.2 Reflectie als basis voor het professioneel handelen ................................................................................... 30
6.3 Goed hulpverlenen en kenmerken van de hulpverlener ............................................................................ 32
6.3.1 Kwadrant 1: objectieve kenmerken overheen situaties ...................................................................... 32
6.3.2 Kwadrant 2: objectieve kenmerken die veranderen overheen de tijd ................................................ 32
6.3.2.1 Bedenking omtrent objectieve kenmerken .................................................................................... 33
6.3.3 Kwadrant 3: subjectieve kenmerken overheen situaties ..................................................................... 33
6.3.4 Kwadrant 4: subjectieve kenmerken evoluerend doorheen je werk ................................................... 33
6.4 Rodevlag topics ........................................................................................................................................... 34
7. Basisvaardigheden voor interculturele begeleiding .................................................................. 34
7.1 Enkele meer algemene aandachtspunten om GGZ meer cultuursensitief te maken ................................. 34
7.1.1 Trainen van deskundigen op het vlak van interculturaliteit................................................................. 34
7.1.2 Medewerkers met migratieachtergrond in de GGZ ............................................................................. 34
7.1.3 Aangepast zorgaanbod ......................................................................................................................... 35
7.1.4 Cultuur van de GGZ transformeren ...................................................................................................... 35
7.2 Cultuursensitieve vertaling van basisvaardigheden in hulpverlening ......................................................... 35
7.2.1 Authentieke betrokkenheid ................................................................................................................. 35
7.2.2 Professionaliteit ................................................................................................................................... 35
7.2.3 Deskundigheid ...................................................................................................................................... 36
7.2.4 Eigen interculturele ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................ 36
7.3 Interculturele communicatie....................................................................................................................... 36
7.3.1 Taal ....................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.3.2 Ordening............................................................................................................................................... 36
7.3.3 Personen .............................................................................................................................................. 36
7.3.4 Organisatie ........................................................................................................................................... 37
7.3.5 Inzet...................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.4 Gevorderde interculturele basisvaardigheden ........................................................................................... 37
7.4.1 Tolken ................................................................................................................................................... 37
7.4.2 Specifieke migraties, specifieke kwetsbaarheden ............................................................................... 37
7.4.3 Oorsprongsgehechtheid en integratiegerichtheid ............................................................................... 37
7.4.4 Enkele verdere aandachtspunten ........................................................................................................ 37
8. Uitklaren van de hulpvraag ..................................................................................................... 38
, 8.1 Wat is een hulpvraag? ................................................................................................................................. 38
8.1.1 Hoe begint een hulpvraag? .................................................................................................................. 38
8.1.2 Verwachtingen worden gekleurd door ................................................................................................ 38
8.1.2.1 De verwijzer ................................................................................................................................... 38
8.1.2.2 De voorgeschiedenis ...................................................................................................................... 39
8.1.2.3 De context ..................................................................................................................................... 39
8.2 Een hulpvraag ‘uitklaren’ doe je in dialoog ................................................................................................. 40
8.2.1 De vraag achter de vraag ..................................................................................................................... 40
8.2.2 Van de feitelijke laag naar een gedeeld perspectief via de dialoog ..................................................... 40
8.2.3 Het dialoogmodel ................................................................................................................................. 40
8.2.3.1 Voordelen dialoogmodel ............................................................................................................... 40
8.2.3.2 Stap 1: de cliënt centraal ............................................................................................................... 42
8.2.3.3 Stap 2: De circulariteit benoemd ................................................................................................... 42
8.2.3.4 Stap 3: De cliënt in kaart .............................................................................................................. 42
8.2.3.5 Rationale: waarom dit doen? ........................................................................................................ 43
9. Motiverende gespreksvoering ................................................................................................. 43
9.1 Wat is motiverende gespreksvoering? ........................................................................................................ 43
9.1.1 Definitie ................................................................................................................................................ 43
9.1.2 Proces van motiverende gespreksvoering ........................................................................................... 44
9.1.3 Vaardigheden bij motiverende gespreksvoering ................................................................................. 45
9.1.3.1 Therapeutische vaardigheden ....................................................................................................... 45
9.1.3.2 Basisvaardigheden ........................................................................................................................ 45
9.1.4 Toepassingen........................................................................................................................................ 45
9.1.4.1 Wanneer wel of niet? .................................................................................................................... 45
9.1.4.2 Moet ik motiverende gespreksvoering gaan gebruiken ................................................................ 45
9.2 Het model van Prochaska en Diclemente ................................................................................................... 46
9.2.1 Voorstadium ......................................................................................................................................... 46
9.2.2 Overwegen ........................................................................................................................................... 47
9.2.3 Voorbereiding ...................................................................................................................................... 47
9.2.4 Uitvoeren en gedragsbehoud............................................................................................................... 48
9.2.5 Terugval ................................................................................................................................................ 48
9.3 Weerstand ................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.3.1 Weerstand herkennen ......................................................................................................................... 48
9.3.2 Wat niet te doen bij weerstand ........................................................................................................... 48
9.3.3 Wat wel te doen bij weerstand ............................................................................................................ 49
9.3.4 Wanneer geen weerstand meer?......................................................................................................... 49
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