Summary

SAMENVATTING: Grondslagen van de biologie SEMESTER 1

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Course
Grondslagen van de biologie

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Book
ISE Biology

SEMESTER 1 GRONDSLAGEN VAN DE BIOLOGIE. Gegeven aan biomedische wetenschappen, maar dit is het deel gegeven in het eerste semester met de leerstof voor het oefenexamen voor schakelstudenten Seksuologie. PPT + inleidende teksten + nota's les. Geslaagd in eerste zit.

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Summarized whole book? No
Which chapters are summarized? De delen behandeld in het vak 'grondslagen van de biologie' in het eerste semester.
Uploaded on July 21, 2022
Number of pages 79
Written in 2021/2022
Type Summary

biologie
schakeljaar seksuologie
vergelijkende biologie
schakeljaar seksuologie biologie
grondslagen van de biologie

Book Title:ISE Biology

Author(s):Peter Raven, George Johnson

Edition:Unknown
ISBN:9781260565959
Edition:12

Exam (elaborations)
Biology, Raven - Exam Preparation Test Bank (Downloadable Doc)

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Education
Schakeljaar Seksuologie
Course
Grondslagen van de biologie

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INHOUD

1. De cel.............................................................................................................. 6
1.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.1. Hoe ziet een typische cel eruit? ............................................................................................................ 6
1.1.2. Karakteristieken van een cel ................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.3. De celtheorie ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.4. Waarom zijn cellen klein? ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.2. De structuur van de prokaryote cellen ................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Endosymbiose en het ontstaan van de eukaryote cellen ........................................................................ 8
1.4. Algemene structuur van de eukaryote cel ............................................................................................. 8
1.4.1. De celorganellen ................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.1.1. De celkern ...................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.1.2. Mitochondria .................................................................................................................................. 9
1.4.1.3. Chloroplasten ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.4.1.4. Plasmamembraan ........................................................................................................................ 11
1.4.1.5. Golgi complex ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.4.1.6. Endoplasmatisch reticulum .......................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1.7. Lysosomen .................................................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1.8. Peroxisomen ................................................................................................................................. 13
1.4.1.9. Centriolen ..................................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.1.10. Chromosomen ............................................................................................................................ 13
1.4.1.11. Cytoskelet ................................................................................................................................... 14
1.4.1.12 Flagella ........................................................................................................................................ 15

2. Reproductie van cellen ................................................................................. 16
3. Virussen ........................................................................................................ 16
3.1. Definitie en oorsprong ......................................................................................................................... 16
3.2. Geschiedenis........................................................................................................................................ 16
3.3. Structuur en replicatie ......................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.1. Bacteriofagen ...................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4. Virus classificatie op basis van nucleïnezuur ........................................................................................ 18
3.4.1. Retrovirussen ...................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.2. RNA-virussen ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.3. DNA-virussen ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5. Tumoren veroorzaakt door virussen .................................................................................................... 19
3.6. Prionen (proteinaceous infectious particles)........................................................................................ 19

1

, 3.7. Viroiden ............................................................................................................................................... 19

4. Prokaryoten .................................................................................................. 19
4.1. Fundamentele verschillen van prokaryoten tegenover eukaryoten ..................................................... 20
4.1.1. Plasmamembraan - membraanlipiden ................................................................................................ 20
4.1.2. Celwand ............................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2.1. Externe lagen, structuren ............................................................................................................. 22
4.1.3. DNA replicatie ..................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.3.1. Transformatie ............................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.3.2. Transductie ................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.3.3. Conjugatie .................................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.4. Genexpressie ....................................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.5. Mutaties .............................................................................................................................................. 24
4.1.6. Metabolisme van Prokaryoten ............................................................................................................ 25
4.2. Bacteriële ziekten bij de mens ............................................................................................................. 25
4.3. Voordelige prokaryoten ....................................................................................................................... 26

5. Prostita ......................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Ontstaan eukaryoten ............................................................................................................................ 26
5.2 Algemene kenmerken van prostita ....................................................................................................... 28
5.3 Soorten prostita.................................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.1 Excavata ............................................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.1.1 Diplomonada ................................................................................................................................. 28
5.3.1.2 Parabasalia .................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.1.3 Euglenozoa .................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.2 Alvelolaten ........................................................................................................................................... 31
5.3.2.1 Dinoflagellaten .............................................................................................................................. 31
5.3.2.1 Apicomplexa .................................................................................................................................. 31
5.3.2.2 Ciliata............................................................................................................................................. 33
5.3.3 Amoeba – Rhizopoda (Amoebozoa) ..................................................................................................... 34

6. Diversiteit en evolutie van bouwplan ............................................................ 34
6.1 Definitie van een dier ........................................................................................................................... 34
6.2 Variatie in lichaamsbouwplan............................................................................................................... 34
6.2.1 Ontwikkeling van weefsels ................................................................................................................... 34
6.2.2 Evolutie van symmetrie ........................................................................................................................ 35
6.2.3 Ontwikkeling van een lichaamsholte ................................................................................................... 35
6.2.4 Evolutie van verschillende patronen van ontwikkeling ........................................................................ 36
6.2.5 Evolutie van segmentatie ..................................................................................................................... 38

2

, 6.3 Actuele classificatie van dieren ............................................................................................................. 38
6.3.1 Phylum porifera (sponzen) ................................................................................................................... 39
6.3.1.1 Lichaamsbouw............................................................................................................................... 39
6.3.1.2 Lichaamsfuncties ........................................................................................................................... 39
6.3.2 Phylum Cnidaria (neteldieren) ............................................................................................................. 39
6.3.2.1 Lichaamsopbouw .......................................................................................................................... 39
6.3.2.2 Lichaamsfuncties ........................................................................................................................... 40

7. Protostomen................................................................................................. 41
7.1 Phylum Platyhelminthes (platwormen) ................................................................................................ 41
7.1.2 Lichaamsopbouw ................................................................................................................................. 41
7.1.2 Lichaamsfuncties .................................................................................................................................. 41
7.1.3 Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................... 41
7.1.3.1 Turbellaria / trilhaarwormen......................................................................................................... 41
7.1.3.2 Tremadoda / zuigwormen ............................................................................................................. 41
7.1.3.3 Cestoda / Cercomeromorpha / lintwormen.................................................................................. 42
7.2 Phylum Annelida (ringwormen – gelede wormen) ................................................................................ 43
7.2.1 Lichaamsopbouw ................................................................................................................................. 43
7.2.2 Lichaamsfuncties .................................................................................................................................. 44
7.2.3 Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................... 44
7.2.3.1 Hirudinea (bloedzuigers) ............................................................................................................... 44
7.3 Phylum Nematoda (rondwormen) ........................................................................................................ 44
7.3.1 Lichaamsopbouw ................................................................................................................................. 44
7.3.2 Lichaamsfuncties .................................................................................................................................. 45
7.4 Phylum anthropoda (geleedpotigen) .................................................................................................... 46
7.4.1 Lichaamsopbouw ................................................................................................................................. 46
7.4.2 Lichaamsfuncties .................................................................................................................................. 46
7.4.3 Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................... 47
7.4.3.1 Insecta (insecten – hexapoda)....................................................................................................... 47

8. Deuterostomen............................................................................................. 48
8.1 Phylum Echinodermata (stekelhuidigen) .............................................................................................. 48
8.1.1 Lichaamsbouw...................................................................................................................................... 49
8.1.2 Lichaamsfuncties .................................................................................................................................. 49
8.1.2 Toepassingen........................................................................................................................................ 50
8.2 Chordata ............................................................................................................................................... 50
8.2.1 Kenmerken chordata ............................................................................................................................ 50
8.2.1 Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................... 50

3

, 8.3 Subphylum Urochordata (manteldoeren) ............................................................................................. 51
8.4 Subhylum Cephalochordata (lancetvisjes) ............................................................................................ 51
8.5 Subphylum Somatochordata / vertebrata ............................................................................................ 51
8.5.1 Agnatha ................................................................................................................................................ 52
8.5.1.1 Myxini ............................................................................................................................................ 53
8.5.2 Echte vissen .......................................................................................................................................... 53
8.5.2.1 Chondrichthyes (kraakbeenvissen) ............................................................................................... 53
8.5.2.2 Beenvissen..................................................................................................................................... 54
8.5.3 Amphibia .............................................................................................................................................. 55
8.5.3.1 Typische kenmerken ..................................................................................................................... 55
8.5.3.2 Levenswijze ................................................................................................................................... 56
8.5.3.3 Classificatie .................................................................................................................................... 56
8.6 Reptilia ................................................................................................................................................. 56
8.6.1 Levenswijze .......................................................................................................................................... 57
8.6.2 Evolutie en classificatie ........................................................................................................................ 57
8.7 Aves ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
8.7.1 Typische kenmerken ............................................................................................................................ 58
8.7.2 Levenswijze .......................................................................................................................................... 59
8.7.3 Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................... 59
8.8 Mammalia ............................................................................................................................................ 59
8.8.7 Typische kenmerken ............................................................................................................................ 59
8.8.8 Levenwijze ............................................................................................................................................ 60
8.8.9 Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................... 60
8.8.9.1 Monotremata ................................................................................................................................ 60
8.8.9.2 Superorde Metatheria Orde Marsupiala ....................................................................................... 61
8.8.9.3 Superorde Eutheria of Placentalia................................................................................................. 61
8.8.10 Evolutie van primaten ........................................................................................................................ 61

10. Opbouw en regulatie van het lichaam ........................................................ 62
10.1 Organisatie van het vertebratenlichaam ............................................................................................. 62
10.2 Weefsels ............................................................................................................................................. 63
10.2.1 Steunweefsels .................................................................................................................................... 63
10.2.1.1 Gewoon bindweefsel .................................................................................................................. 63
10.2.1.2 Speciaal bindweefsel ................................................................................................................... 63
10.2.2 Spierweefsel ....................................................................................................................................... 64
10.1.2.1 Glad spierweefsel ........................................................................................................................ 64
10.1.2.2 Skeletspieren ............................................................................................................................... 64

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SAMENVATTING: Grondslagen van de biologie SEMESTER 1

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