AQA psychology revision table, based on advanced information topics (so some missing). Summary of all A01 content (1st column), supporting studies (2nd column) and evaluation/A03 points (3rd column), great for summarising content revision and structuring 16 mark essays
A01:
CODING, CAPACITY AND DURATION: A03 evidence:
Baddeley – research into coding, gave participants in A03: evaluation
Studies that support are based on artificial
4 groups either words that sound similar, or not and stimuli, which makes result difficult to
Coding – format in which information is stored words that mean similar or not. He found that when generalise to real life memory . For example
asked to recall instantly (testing STM) ppts were some STM may be encoded semantically if the
Capacity – amount of information that can be
worse at recalling acoustically similar words and
held in each store information is more meaningful to a person,
when asked to recall after 20 minutes (testing LTM)
this will not be showed in results of studies
Duration – length of time information can be ppts were worse at recalling semantically similar
words. This is support for STM being encoded
using letters or trigrams etc.
held for
acoustically and LTM being encoded semantically. Most studies used lack external validity as the
Short term memory: stimuli is not accurate to real life, Bahrik’ s
Miller – research into capacity, found that STM has
Coding – acoustically a capacity of 7 (+ or – 2) and that chunking study has high external validity as he tested real
information can extent capacity, meaning to recall 7 life situations and memory. However Bahrik’ s
Capacity – 5-9 (magic 7) words rather than 7 letters. Support for the capacity study could not control confounding variables
of STM. such as how often ppts have revisited that
Duration – less than 30 seconds
Peterson and Peterson – research into duration of yearbook or contacted those people in the
Long term memory: STM, gave participants trigrams to remember and years.
Coding – semantically then asked them to count backwards from a three
Peterson and Peterson’s study may not be into
digit number, they then asked at different time
intervals (3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds) to recall the duration but more so into displacement.
Capacity – unlimited
trigram, the longer the time (18 secs) the lowest Information may not be lost or forgotten but
Duration – lifetime percentage of correct trigram recall. Support for displaced by the new information of counting
duration of STM being less than 30 seconds if not backwards.
rehearsed.
Bahrik – research into duration of LTM, asked
participants to free recall and respond to photos of
high school yearbooks, tested this after 15 years and
after 48 years. Found free recall was 60% after 15
years and 30% after 48 years, Photo recognition was
90% after 15 years and 70% after 48 years. Support
for duration of long term memory being years and
years.
, A01:
MULTI STORE MODEL: A03 evidence:
Baddeley – study shows in STM we mix up A03: evaluation
Support for separate long term and short term
acoustically similar words and in LTM we mix up memory from brain damaged patients such as
semantically similar words, this supports the Clive wearing who had a damaged short term
coding of STM and LTM shown in the multi memory but a good long term (procedural)
store model. memory. Supports multi store model
separation of the stores.
Sperling – research into capacity for STM, found
ppts struggled to recall a full grid of 12 (40%) Over simplified model, now believed that STM
letters but were able to recall the rows of 4 and LTM have multiple types, as in the working
letters well (75%). This supports that memory model which is an updated model of
information in STM decays quickly and has a STM.
Sensory register – processes information from very limited capacity.
KF case study shows brain damage to STM and
5 senses, visual information is encoded visually, Murdock – serial position effect supports the that there can be different types of STM as he
auditory information is encoded acoustically. idea of separate stores for STM and LTM, serial struggled to encoded acoustically but was able
Duration is less than half a second, capacity is position effect shows that words at start of a to encode better visually, this is not accounted
high. Not all information will be passed on to list are recalled well as they are rehearsed into for in the multi store model.
memory unless attention is paid to it LTM (primacy effect) words in the middle are
A lot of the research into the multi store model
Short term memory – capacity is 5-9 ‘magic 7’, often forgotten whereas words at the end of
is based on artificial tasks and lack ecological
information is encoded acoustically, and the list are recalled as they are in STM (recency
validity as everyday memory involves faces
duration is less than 30 seconds. This effect). Also found a delay of 30 seconds ruined
names and places whereas research studies
information needs maintenance rehearsal to recency effect which further supports duration
tend to use letters or syllables that lack any
transfer into long term memory of STM being short.
significance. Meaning the model may be based
Long term memory – capacity is unlimited, on invalid findings.
duration can last a lifetime unsure of limit and Support from brain scans which show the pre-
is encoded semantically. To retrieve frontal cortex is active for STM tasks whereas
information it is retrieved through STM the hippocampus is active for LTM tasks, which
supports the model as there is evidence for
different stores.
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