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Solution Manual For An Introduction to Policing, 8th Edition
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Chapter 1Police History
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the primary means of ensuring personal safety prior to the establishment of
formal, organized police departments.
2. Discuss the influence of the English police experience on American policing.
3. Characterize the regional differences in American policing prior to the 20th century.
4. Describe how the turbulent times of the 1960’s and 1970’s influenced American policing.
5. Identify at least four events or people instrumental in the development of 20th-century
American policing, and describe their influence.
Lesson Plan
Correlated to PowerPoints
I. Introduction
2
A. The word police came from the Latin word politia, which means “civil
administration.” Etymologically, the police can be seen as those involved in the
administration of a city.
B. The police represent the civil power of government, rather than the military power of
government.
3 II. Early Police
Learning Objective 1: Explain the primary means of ensuring personal safety prior to the
establishment of formal, organized police departments.
A. Praetorian Guard, which could be considered the first police officers
B. Vigiles began as firefighters and were eventually also given law enforcement
responsibilities, patrolling Rome’s streets day and night.
C. The concept of preserving the peace and enforcing the law has moved from primitive
forms like the watch and ward to highly organized, professional police departments.
The history of policing has included brutality, corruption, incompetence, innovation,
research, heroism, and professionalism.
D. Around the first century B.C.E., special, highly qualified members of the military
formed the Praetorian Guard and could be considered the first police officers. Their
job was to protect the palace and the emperor.
III. English Policing: Our Heritage
4 Learning Objective 2: Discuss the influence of the English police experience on American
policing.
1
, A. Early History
1. Mutual pledge (a form of “society control” where citizens grouped together to
protect each other)
2. Constable, who might be considered the first form of English police officer,
3. Shire-reeve (sheriff) was in control of an area equivalent to today’s county and if
trouble arose they would raise the hue and cry (yell for help).
4. Statute of Winchester established a rudimentary criminal justice system in which
most of the responsibility for law enforcement remained with the people
themselves.
5. Watch and ward required all men in a given town to serve on the night watch
Class Discussion/Activity:
The watch and ward required all men in a given town to serve on the night watch. In fact,
the Statute of Winchester made it a crime not to assist the watch. How has this changed in
modern times? When an incident occurs, are citizens more likely to not become involved?
See Assignment 1
B. Seventeenth Century Policing: Thief-Takers
5
1. Private citizens with no official status
2. Paid by the king for every criminal they arrested—similar to the bounty hunter of
the American West
6 C. Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners
1. Founds the first modern police force
2. Establishes the first official crime reports
3. Bow Street Runners—first investigative unit
4. Horse patrol established in London—1804
Class Discussion/Activity:
Henry Fielding put together a small investigative unit of theif-takers. By collaborating with
local businessmen and sharing information between investigators, this unit was effective in
capturing wanted criminals. What can law enforcement in the United States learn from this
type of policing?
Media Tool
“History of Police - The Fieldings and the Bow Street Runners”:
2
, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rZfckouVKc
• A very brief introduction to the Bow Street Runners.
• Discussion: Discuss the formation of the Bow Street Runners. What was their purpose?
D. Peel’s Police: The Metropolitan Police for London
7 1. Act for Improving the Police in and near the Metropolis (the Metropolitan Police
Act)
2. Peel’s Nine Principles: concerned with the preventive role of the police and
positive relationships and cooperation between the police and the community it
served.
3. Beat system: officers were assigned to relatively small permanent posts.
Class Discussion/Activity:
Sir Robert Peel wrote his Nine Principles to guide the newly formed New Westminster
Police Service. How many of these principles are still in use today by local law enforcement
agencies?
See Assignment 2
IV. American Policing: The Colonial Experience
Learning Objective 2: Discuss the influence of the English police experience on American
policing.
Learning Objective 3: Characterize the regional differences in American policing prior to the
20th century.
9 A. The North: The Watch
1. In cities, the town marshal was the chief law enforcement official.
2. Law enforcement was still mainly the responsibility of the individual citizen, as it
had been in early England. There was little law and order on the colonial frontier.
In the southern states, slave patrols were the dominant form of policing.
3. During the eighteenth century, the most common form of American law
enforcement in the North was the system of constables in the daytime and the
watch at night.
10
B. The South: Slave Patrols
1. Dred Scott decision: Dred Scott, a black slave, could not sue in court for his
freedom because he was not a citizen—he was a piece of property.
3
, 2. Slave patrols were commonplace by the early 18th century and were often
combined with local militia and police duties.
V. American Policing: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Learning Objective 3: Characterize the regional differences in American policing prior to the
20th century.
11 A. The Urban Experience
1. Early Police Departments
2. The first organized American police department was created in Boston in 1838,
followed by New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, New Orleans, Cincinnati,
Baltimore, and Newark.
3. Politics in American Policing
What If Scenario
Imagine the mayor of your town asks you to “fix” a ticket for him. What would be your response
and why?
12 4. The Early Police Officer’s Job
B. The Southern Experience
1. Largest obstacle facing Atlanta police leaders was finding qualified, trustworthy
men to serve.
2. Many police department across the South reorganized during this time to meet
Reconstruction standards, and reluctantly hired black officers.
13 C. The Frontier Experience
1. In the nineteenth century, the locally elected county sheriffs and the appointed
town marshals were usually the only law enforcement officers available on the
American frontier. In the American South, the former slave patrols eventually
evolved into formal local police departments.
Class Discussion/Activity:
Most county sheriffs are elected officials, whereas police chiefs are generally appointed.
How does this affect the policies of the respective departments?
2. Federal Marshals: created by the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789
3. The Military: the Posse Comitatus Act of 1879, forbid the use of the military to
enforce civilian law except where expressly authorized by law.
4
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