Lecture Notes: Biodiversity: Exploiters and Exploited Bees (BI2EEE4)
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Course
Biodiversity: Exploiters and Exploited (BI2EEE4)
Institution
University Of Reading (UoR)
These lecture notes are the first in a series from the module biodiversity: exploiters and exploited. This lecture covers everything about bees from their spread around the world to beekeeping and parasites. A great way to start your understanding in this module (or help you get out of the lecture).
Lecture 1 – Bees (Week 8 practical – include textbook knowledge & wider
reading)
Keywords:
Trophallaxis (movement of food from mouth/mouth), Apterygota (no winged subclass),
Exopterygota (incomplete metamorphosis), Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis),
Metamorphosis (process of transformation from an immature to an adult form), perennial
(all seasons), skeps (upturned straw baskets used for bees), wall recesses (bee holes),
Lecture notes:
Class Insecta (56.3%)
o Over 1 mil named & 5 mil unnamed
o 100 mil ever lived
o Orthoptera = 3 body segments (pronotum, thorax and abdomen)
o Subclasses
Apterygota =no winged insects
Pterygota = winged insects
Exopterygota = incomplete metamorphism
o Locust
Endopterygota = complete metamorphism
o Butterfly
o Larva, resting pupa, winged adult
o Hexapoda = removed from insect class
Classification of honey bees
o Order: Hymenoptera, superfamily: Apocrita, Family: Apoidea
o European honey bee: Apis melifera
Apis only genera able to store honey perennially
o Races within species of honey bee (altered behavior and climate control)
o Human introduced into North/South America and Austal-Asia
o Native genotype variation – interbred genotypes
o Queen, drone (1k, males, smaller than queen and larger than worker), worker
(50k, sterile females)
Sex determination:
Fertilized egg = worker (female) = diploid (pheromone
determined)
Unfertalised egg = drone (male) = haploid w/domed cap in
pupa stage
Apis flora (dwarf honey bee)
o Cones surrounded by bees to protect (hive does not suit bees)
Apis dorsata (giant honey bee)
Colony life cycle (first eggs in January)
o Pollen and honey consumed by larva
o Cap covers pupae (no food or cleaning)
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