BIOD 171 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Microbiology is the study of what?
Correct answer- Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms and viruses) and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life
Correct answer- cell
What is a macromolecule?
Correct...
Microbiology is the study of what?
Correct answer- Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms and viruses)
and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life
Correct answer- cell
What is a macromolecule?
Correct answer- A macromolecule is classified as a complex molecule that is composed
from smaller subunits.
What are the four main types of macromolecules?
Correct answer- Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates
What various functions do proteins have in a cell
Correct answer- Proteins may facilitate the movement of materials in or out of a cell.
Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes. Others
play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?
Correct answer- There are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry
genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary
information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms.
RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to
synthesize proteins.
What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of?
Correct answer- The plasma membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that
separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding environment. The plasma
membrane also restricts the movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or
out of the cell, thus allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while
also preventing the escape (out flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is
composed of lipids (hydrophobic hydrocarbons).
What are the three main components of carbohydrates?
Correct answer- Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) and C6H10O5
(cellulose).
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
, Correct answer- Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within
the cell that contains the genetic material. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and
can be further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
What are the main morphologies of bacteria?
Correct answer- Bacteria can be described as coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod),
vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive under harsh
conditions?
Correct answer- Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh environmental
conditions such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures and oxygen-poor
conditions.
What are the four main classifications of Eukarya?
Correct answer- Eukaryotic microorganisms are classified as either belonging to
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Correct answer- No. Viruses are considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses
are not considered living and do not replicate on their own, meaning they must replicate
within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what?
Correct answer- The cell membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic
phospholipids, meaning they contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a
non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is situated in such a
way where the non-polar tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to
interact with water both outside and inside of the cell.
What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the
roles of each.
Correct answer- Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein synthesis), Golgi
(protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria (ATP
generation) and chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
What is cellular metabolism?
Correct answer- Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in
living organisms in order to maintain life.
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated?
Correct answer- Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is
not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can
also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor,
enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active.
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