Types of Long Term Memory
One of the main criticisms of the MSM is that it fails to take into account evidence to suggest there are
different types of LTM which are likely stored and processed in distinct ways. The main divisions proposed by
Endel Tulving (1985) are procedural and declarative, but these can be discussed in greater detail, see below.
Long-term
memory
Declarative - explicit.
Procedural - implicit.
Can be inspected
Not usually concious
consciously.
Episodic - Personal
events.
Semantic -
knowledge, etc.
DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Episodic Memory
Ability to recall personal events.
Episodic memories are time stamped – you can usually remember when and where the event
occurred.
There may be several elements to a single episode, such as people, places, and objects.
Declarative memory – you are aware that you are searching for a specific memory.
Example of a question that would require episodic memory: “what did you have for dinner last
night?”
Semantic memory
This store contains our knowledge of the world.
This could be general knowledge as well our knowledge of words and concepts.
Not ‘time-stamped’ – you don’t need to know when and where you learnt the fact.
Differs to episodic memory which is tied to time and place.
Not personal, linked to facts shared by all.
Example of a question that would require semantic memory: “what’s the capitol of Spain?”
Procedural Memory
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