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Summary Notes 3.1.8 - Thermodynamics (A-level only)
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Summary Notes 3.1.8 - Thermodynamics (A-level only)
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Taylor Notes ThermodynamicsHess’ Law
The enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
The enthalpy change when one mol of a substance is formed from its constituent elements where all
species are in their standard states and under standard conditions
Examples of Enthalpy of Formation Calculations
2KHCO3(s) K2SO3(s) H2O(l) CO2(g)
2KHCO3(s) K2SO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) -1
ΔfH / kJ mol -959 -1146 -286 -394
Standard Enthalpy of Combustion ΔcH
The Enthalpy Change when 1 mol of a substance is completely combusted in oxygen under standard
conditions where all species are in their standard state
C8H18(l) + 25/2O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
, Taylor Notes Thermodynamics
Examples of Enthalpy of Combustion Calculation
Mean Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
The Enthalpy Change required to break a gaseous covalent bond into gaseous atoms which is averaged
over a range of molecules
Enthalpy Change = Bonds Broken – Bonds Formed
Examples of a Mean Bond Dissociation Calculation
C-H F-F C-F H–F
CH4 + 4F2 CF2 + 4HF
ΔdisH 413 158 484 562
Calorimetry Calculations
Equations to Use
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