The entire topic of respiration covering all information required at A Level. Including glycolysis, Krebs cycle and ETC as diagrams and easy to follow flow diagrams to aid understanding. And the respiration of fats and proteins. Anaerobic and aerobic, the energy budget explained and model exam answ...
①[JP/ ① AT/①N →
"P
to → dehydrogenation →tG↳•↳s" ATP Adenosine triphosphate → Adenosine diphosphate (ADP ) + Pi
stages
-
2 ways to 2 3
-
ways
-
On Krebs's
\* muscle contraction
'
☒ decarboxylation # Etc 3
ATP DOP saeieeeggueo.se A.T.ir synthesis macromolecules
produce
ATP stored in NAD
+
C temporarily ) to b ↳ high energy bond , of
a direct phosphate to ADP from another
transfer of adenine ribose ( poi -
Poa )
-
Mg@zgAypaneye.eedede.n
dinucleotide
inner membrane folded into cristae CASA for ETC) coenzyme ☒
-
flavine
adenine
• mitochondrial matrix
fluid ↳ Hyo, EARP energy spending M ① ANSWER
-
contains little mitochondrial DNA
§gz☒pp
a
mitochondria
( to split glucose in
half )
.
• gueeosee.sconuereeae-o@yneuatexze.n
⑧ Coo Hiz 06 ⑨
- -
the cytoplasm Initially glucose is
.
fructose bis Be phosphorylated into fructose bisphosphate
using ZATP FBP then splits into ✗ZTP A
.
⑧
. .
-8B£
⑧ Cz 11603 ( 31-1603 dehydrogenation reaction then occurs , followed
-
tzoz Inhibited by cyanide
-
• Iv
=
Cytochrome oxidase catalyses trans e- →
by production of 2 ATP per TP by SCP producing
CIV) remains reduced trioseryhos d-rioseshoss ,
2 ATP by SCP - 2- NADH are
pyruvate Wet gain of
cytochrome oxidase .
ETC
•
Inner membrane £ waist
.
reduced waist
: a n e- acceptors remain
formed
. • .
OP
2 ↳ Wayment
-
-
" no ATP can be made by e
"
-
"
"+
"
•
"+ NAD -1 can't be recycled , so glycolysis stops
,
µµgµ
E- cause whatever
¥#y
•
A + "
AT" M" " "" " " " ° " "
+
"° +"
in to be
•
they're death by asrdhxiation ⑨ Cz Huong ⑨ ③ C} Hub ⑧
d GATP
- -
•
- -
reduced .
GBP GBP
ADP ADP
removed from
d ↳ ATP
2e-Ñ¥H+yhe
SLP is
AWADH when a Rhos an Atp
group
-
µ>
.
intermediate comp - added to ADP to make
NAN
.
glycolysis ⑤ ↳ H4B ↳ tlcoz ⑨
'
kreblsr
from
-
ATP
-
-
+202
MODEL ANSWER GP GP
ADP ADP
reduced NAD / FAD d ↳ ATP
stripped from intermediates in kneblsr
glycolysis carried to ETC
by Ayp q _q
e- spassed through a series of e- acceptor molecules at progressively lower energy czH4B C , Heo,
levels . Pyruvate pyruvate
to generate molecule ATP
enough energy released at 3. sets of .
a .
SLP
oxygen final e- acceptor
combines with H+ forming H2O
-02A TDs made
• ,
p4ATDs by
NAD orig H acceptor -03A-1ps made If FAD
If therapy budget
.
1 ↳ Hizb 38A -1ps -034A-1ps by
.
.
-0 OP
dehydrogenation Krebs -02A-1ps by SLP think Reaction -0 GATPS
by op
Glycolysis -
• 2A -1ps by SLP
⑨ -
( 3%03 →
⑧ 31-1403
-
( -
• GATPS by OP -022A-1ps
by op
b.
KREB 'S CYCLE mitochondrial matrix ant + WAD + → NADH + Ht
Py%u¥eÉe Grom glycolysis,
during kneb's ,
dehydrogenation reactions occur .
decarboxylation Respiring Fats + Protein
zwAD+ ✗2
yegg,
NADH or FADHZ carry H to ETC .
Czhl 403 → Cztkeo protein @
after deamination Cliver) fats -
•
glycerol +
3 F- As
zwADn+ZÑd
-
6202 Station) & " " " ,
Lon broken
Cdecdrb
↳ decarboxylation of pyruvate forms acetyl group CO2
& into 2C
fragments
Acetyl A it
4% :) !:*
✗2 co
☒ joins with coenzyme A to form acetyl co A Hew c- cv° Hzf 3C enters + enter Krebls as
.
0h
depends Cs where it enters
- -
on no
,czµz , -
.
acetyl co A .
off
' '
:
-
H
- -
§
- -
- - -
-
• trios phosphate
- -
. →
Cop
.
.
✗2
.
.ws,
*a 2nA"
similarities Differences area
zwA¥
at X2 (4 zNAb+2kt
↳ zcoz
☒→
+
ZNAD
"
B 2AM ZADP A , bath oxidize Cotlcsoo ETC oknebls can happen in
glycolysis occurs in
both anaerobic involves
-1%
%+A¥¥ cytoplasm 2A
pynwate↳4ATP
-
hydrogen acceptor
-1
NAD Animals
① - -
-
in born tzoz final e- acceptor in ZADP ,
NAD-1 recycled in both aerobe Pyruvate .in anaerobic
.
pyruvate becomes final e- acceptor (no Oz) wash
µauayy,eag,ax,aggugµygµ,,n,uiauygey,eygµny,,
yo,
aenyamgenay.ng.eu glycerol Convos can -be + it lactate
↳"403
NAD both
② fungi
=
r some plants ( alcohol fermentation ]
NADU -1Mt except not lactate , alcohol Cetnaun )
same + coz
catalyst
=
alcohol dehydrogenase
MODEL ANSWER
2C compound ( acetyl co . A)
joins with a cot compound forming a CG coma ound .
why is ATP a better immediate energy stone than glucose? * Glucose not
limiting in
dehydrogenation r a decarboxylation forming muscle cells as
they
have
Cg compound undergoes ① only need to break 1 bond its release energy ( single step process)
This then a
a ↳ compound r 2 NADH The Cs compound undergoes
a dehydrogenation r a
decarboxylation
.
glycogen stones , hydrolysed
2 NADH 2A-1ps one also made by SCP Theca comes und undergoes All round All
forming a cc, compounds ② small ✗ soluble can move to glucose
.
.
,
uses FAD as the hydrogen Accetta forming controlled
2 partner dehydrogenation , one of which small amounts of energy in a manner
2 FAD Hz or 2 NADHS In total 6
NADH r 2 FADH 02 ATPS by SCP one formed . ,
.
③ App hydrolysis releases
additional Oz needed to :
additional Oz taken
gen¥
> metaboeise lactic acid → coz -11-120
-0 in
after exercise
from mayor haemoglobin
> pay back Oz borrowed
> replenish ATP
strenuous exercise, anaerobic needed to provide additional ATP quickly > replenish glycogen creatine phosphate
- reserves
1
£ carb =
coz produced Fat = 0-7
Oz used
protein =D -9
>1
anaerobic - aerobic =
?⃝?⃝ Fermentation =D
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