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Samenvatting H5 biological macromolecules & lipids
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Deze samenvatting bevat hoofdstuk 5 uit het handboek. Het gaat over de bouw en functie van macromoleculen.
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BiologieH5: Biological Macromolecules & lipids
Inhoudsopgave
1 Functionele groepen................................................................................................................................................ 2
2 ATP: Een belangrijke bron van energie voor Cellulaire Processen.............................................................................2
3 De biomoleculen..................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Macromoleculen zijn polymeren, gebouwd uit monomeren.....................................................................................2
1. De synthese & afbraak van polymeren........................................................................................................................................3
2. De verscheidenheid van Polymeren.............................................................................................................................................3
5 Koolhydraten zijn brandstof en bouwmateriaal....................................................................................................... 3
1. Suikers..........................................................................................................................................................................................3
2. Polysacchariden...........................................................................................................................................................................4
A. Opslag Polysacchariden.......................................................................................................................................... 4
B. Structurele Polysacchariden................................................................................................................................... 4
6 Lipiden zijn een diverse groep van hydrofobe moleculen.......................................................................................... 5
1. Vetten...........................................................................................................................................................................................5
2. Fosfolipiden..................................................................................................................................................................................6
3. Steroïden......................................................................................................................................................................................6
7 Eiwitten hebben veel diversiteit in structuur, met als resultaat heel veel functies....................................................6
1. Aminozuur Monomeren...............................................................................................................................................................7
A. Apolair, hydrofoob................................................................................................................................................. 7
B. Polair, hydrofiel...................................................................................................................................................... 8
C. Elektrisch geladen, hydrofiel................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Polypeptiden (Aminozuur Polymeren)..........................................................................................................................................8
3. Eiwit Structuur & Functie.............................................................................................................................................................8
4. Vier Levels van eiwit structuur.....................................................................................................................................................8
A. Primaire structuur.................................................................................................................................................. 9
B. Secundaire structuur.............................................................................................................................................. 9
C. Tertiare structuur................................................................................................................................................... 9
D. Quaternare structuur............................................................................................................................................. 9
5. Sikkelcel annemie: verandering in Primaire Structuur.................................................................................................................9
A. Normaal................................................................................................................................................................. 9
B. Sikkelcel annemie................................................................................................................................................. 10
6. Wat bepaald de eiwitstructuur?................................................................................................................................................10
7. Eiwitvouwing in de cel................................................................................................................................................................10
8 Nucleinezuren slaan erfelijke informatie op, brengen over & helpen ze tot uitdrukking te brengen........................10
1. De rol van nucleïnezuren............................................................................................................................................................10
2. De bestanddelen van Nucleïnezuren..........................................................................................................................................11
3. Nucleotide polymeren................................................................................................................................................................11
4. De structuren van DNA- en RNA-moleculen...............................................................................................................................12
A. DNA..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
B. RNA...................................................................................................................................................................... 12
9 Genomica & proteomica hebben het biologisch onderzoek & de biologische toepassingen ingrijpend veranderd. . .12
1. DNA en eiwitten als maatstaven voor evolutie..........................................................................................................................12
,1 Functionele groepen
2 ATP: Een belangrijke bron van energie voor Cellulaire
Processen
Adenosine trifosfaat = belangrijkste E bron in lichaam (bevat heel veel E)
Planten: lichtenergie ATP
Mens: suikers… ATP
Reactie met water niet automatisch
anders zou er te veel wegreageren
!! Bij katalysatoren wordt water gebonden aan andere atomen !!
3 De biomoleculen
Koolhydraten, vetten, eiwitten & nucleïnezuren
Elke molecuul = eigen eigenschap iets veranderd andere eigenschap andere molecule
4 Macromoleculen zijn polymeren, gebouwd uit monomeren
Monomeren = bouwstenen (50-tal)
Polymeren = koolhydraten, eiwitten & nucleïnezuren
Koolhydraten = monomeren van suikers
Eiwitten = aminozuren (+/-20)
, Nucleïnezuren (+/-4)
1. De synthese & afbraak van polymeren
Enzymen = gespecialiseerde macromoleculen Versnellen chemische reacties die polymeren
maken/breken
Dehydratiereactie = 2 monomeren binden als gevolg van verloren water
Hydrolyse = 2 monomeren breken
2. De verscheidenheid van Polymeren
Concentratie in cel allemaal verschillend
Sommigen ook verschillend per persoon uiterlijk, gedrag…
Hoe groter verschil in soort, hoe meer verschillen in de eigenschappen en functies
5 Koolhydraten zijn brandstof en bouwmateriaal
Koolhydraten = monosachariden/ polysachariden
Functie = Brandstofopslag & Bouwstenen
1. Suikers
Monosachariden = veelvoud van CH2O (glucose= C6H12O6) (belangrijk voor voeding van de cel)
Ingedeeld obv:
o Locatie carbonyl groep
o # C in C-skelet
Glycoside binding = covalente binding tussen
monosachariden
Wij halen sucrose uit planten (bieten, riet, …)
Sucrose (5 ring) niet verder polymeriseren,
maltose wel (6 ring)
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