Test Bank For Biology: A Global Approach, 12th Edition by Neil A. Campbell
Test bank University of Queensland GENES, CELLS & EVOLUTION 2024 / midterm exam study guide / from: Biology 12th - A Global Approach Campbell
Summary Genes, Cells & Evolution University of Queensland 2024 - All lectures week 1 - 12, all college notes, lots of visuals, exam test questions - 150 pages!
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Universiteit Hasselt (UHasselt)
Bachelor Biologie
Biologie van de cel
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Biologie
H7: Cell structure and function
Inhoudsopgave
1 Biologen gebruiken microscopen & instrumenten vd biochemie om cellen te bestuderen......................................................3
1. Microscopie..................................................................................................................................................................................3
2. Cel Fractionnering........................................................................................................................................................................3
2 Eukaryote cellen hebben interne membranen die hun functies opsplitsen.............................................................................3
, 1. Prokaryotische en Eukaryotische cellen vergelijken.....................................................................................................................3
2. plasma membraan.......................................................................................................................................................................4
3. Een panoramisch zicht op de Eukaryotische cel...........................................................................................................................4
3 De genetische instructies van de eukaryote cel zijn ondergebracht in de kern en worden uitgevoerd door de ribosomen......5
1. De Nucleus: Informatie Centrale..................................................................................................................................................5
2. Ribosomen: eiwit fabrieken..........................................................................................................................................................5
4 Endomembraanstelsel regelt verkeer v eiwitten & vervult metabole functies in de cel..........................................................5
1. Het endoplasmatisch reticulum: Biosynthetische Fabriek...........................................................................................................5
A. Functies van Smooth ER....................................................................................................................................................... 5
B. Functies van Rough ER......................................................................................................................................................... 6
2. Het Golgi-apparaat: Verzend- en ontvangstcentrum..................................................................................................................6
3. Lysosomen: Verterende compartimenten....................................................................................................................................6
4. Vacuolen: Verschillende onderhoudspartijen..............................................................................................................................6
5 Mitochondriën en chloroplasten veranderen energie van de ene vorm in de andere.............................................................7
1. De evolutionaire oorsprong van Mitochondria en Chloroplasten................................................................................................7
2. Mitochondria: Chemische Energie Omzetting..............................................................................................................................7
3. Chloroplasten: Opname van lichtenergie.....................................................................................................................................8
4. Peroxisomen: oxidatie..................................................................................................................................................................8
6 Het cytoskelet is een netwerk van vezels dat structuren en activiteiten in de cel organiseert.................................................8
1. Rollen van het Cytoskelet: Ondersteuning en beweeglijkheid.....................................................................................................8
2. Componenten van het cytoskelet.................................................................................................................................................8
A. Microtubuli......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
B. Centrosomen & Centriolen.................................................................................................................................................. 9
C. Cilia en Flagella.................................................................................................................................................................... 9
D. Microfilamenten (Actine Filamenten)................................................................................................................................ 10
E. Intermediaire Filamenten................................................................................................................................................... 11
7 Extracellulaire bestanddelen en verbindingen tussen cellen helpen cellulaire activiteiten te coördineren............................11
1. Celwanden van planten..............................................................................................................................................................11
2. De extracellulaire matrix (ECM) van dierlijke cellen..................................................................................................................11
3. Celverbindingen..........................................................................................................................................................................12
A. Plasmodesmata in Planten Cellen...................................................................................................................................... 12
B. Tight Junctions, Desmosomen en Gap Junctions in dierlijke cellen......................................................................................12
8 Een cel is groter dan de som van zijn delen.......................................................................................................................... 13
,1 Biologen gebruiken microscopen & instrumenten vd biochemie
om cellen te bestuderen
1. Microscopie
Lichtmicroscoop & elektronenmicroscoop
Lenzen breken het licht zodat het wordt vergroot
Belangrijke parameters:
o Vergroting
o Resolutie
o Contrast
Types Elektronenmicroscoop
o SEM oppervlakte scannen (buitenkant van cellen)(3D)
o TEM door de stof (2D)(interne structuur)
2. Cel Fractionnering
Splitst de major organellen van mekaar
Telkens pellet wegnemen & nieuwe vloeistof fractioneren…
2 Eukaryote cellen hebben interne membranen die hun functies
opsplitsen
1. Prokaryotische en Eukaryotische cellen vergelijken
Zelfde:
o Plasmamembraan
o Cytosol
o Chromosome
o Ribosomen
Verschillend:
o Prokaryoot:
Geen nucleus
DNA in nucleoide (geen membraan)
Geen membraangebonden organellen
Cytoplasma (gebonden aan plasmamembraan)
o Eukaryoot (groter):
DNA in nucleus (dubbel membraan)
Membraangebonden organellen
Cytoplasma (regio tussen plasmamembraan & nucleus)
Cellen hebben bepaalde limiet qua grootte (kan beetje groeien, maar niet te veel anders kunnen de
organellen niet tegoei functioneren)
Cel = beperkt in omvang omdat celmembraan voedsel & O 2 naar binnenin moet transporteren
Als cel groter wordt, verhouding kleiner, celmembraan binnenkant niet kan voorzien van wat het nodig heeft om te overleven.
Als je een ding vergroot dan veranderd de ratio (slecht) als je die dan terug verdeeld in kleinere dingen dan ratio terug tegoei
, 2. plasma membraan
= selectieve barriere
3. Een panoramisch zicht op de Eukaryotische cel
Interne membranen (fosfolipidedubbellaag) verdelen cel in compartimenten (organellen)
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