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Summary English Text And Communication 1 SEM 2

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Summary of A. Gagiano's Lessons. This summary contains the slides, notes and the part 'Things Fall Apart'. With this I achieved a 12/20.

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  • August 9, 2022
  • 20
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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By: fabinnevermeiren • 1 year ago

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By: yanjinlkhambatbaatar • 1 year ago

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Summary: English text & communication



SUMMARY ENGLISH TEKST &
COMMUNICATION
TEXTUAL STRUCTURE

Different levels

Written text: Spoken text:

1. Sentence 1. Utterance
2. Paragraph 2. Stretch of speech (short-medium)
3. Text 3. Longer stretch of speech


WHY ORGANIZE INFORMATION?

- Efficient communication
- Courtesy to the writer
- ‘sell’ the product
o Reader = consumer, writer = producer, message = product
o Producer needs to do the work, not the consumer


HOW DO WE ORGANIZE INFORMATION?

Known  new

Elements given in the order in which they take place

The content of paragraphs need to follow up on each other


A WORD’S WORTH

LOADED LANGUAGE

Loaded words = words who carry a strong negative/positive connotation

Denotation Connotation
The dictionary definition Additional associations, often personal/emotional




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, Summary: English text & communication


NOT LOADED LANGUAGE

- Grammatical words e.g. articles, auxiliary verbs, etc.
- Terminology e.g. highly specialized words
- General words

Hypernym (general) Hyponym (specified)
Words that have a classification function More specified words
e.g. fruit, animals, flower, etc. e.g. apple, berry, dog, cat, roses, sunflowers, etc.
 More likely to carry a strong connotation

TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms Range of words that focus around the same area of meaning
 Allows the speaker to express an opinion by using a
synonym, that is loaded
Taboo Words with a negative connotation
Pejoration ↔ amelioration Process where neutral words develop negative connotations
↔ loaded words become neutral
Euphemism Words to avoid a direct reference to sth considered impolite
 Not always better
e.g. passing away instead of dying (passing away isn’t necessarily
positive but it avoids the negative)
Grotesque euphemism (= ugly, unpleasant, offensive euphemism)
 Mismatch between the word and its referent
e.g. ‘mowing the lawn’ used for the massacre of people
Poverty-of-vocabulary Not having enough vocabulary (and, for example, start using swear
words to fill in the gaps)

EMOTIONAL MEANING IN LEXIS

Main ways (3) of encoding emotion in our choice of words

There are not always alternative neutral terms available for some loaded emotional words (+ it would
remove the tone and message)


1. EMOTIVE ‘SPIN’
= same conceptual meaning, different emotive meaning (e.g. slim – thin – skinny)



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, Summary: English text & communication


2. AFFECTIVE WORDS
= no conceptual meaning, only emotive meaning

Positive affective words Negative affective words
Nice, good, cool, great, fabulous, etc. Awful, terrible, swear words, ‘bloody hell’, etc.

Intensifiers = affective words used as an adverb/adjective that adds emotional intensity to the
modified word

e.g. terribly hot, awfully exciting


3. CONCEPTUALIZATION

= describe feelings objectively from the outside (not expressing)

e.g. despair, depression, nervous, amazement, etc.

Conceptualization of emotional attitude, using modals/adverbials of (dis)inclination

e.g. need, want to, keen to, would like, would rather, unfortunately, hopefully, etc.


FORMALITY

THREE STRATA

1. Basic old English words  INFORMAL, most frequent
2. Borrowed French words  MEDIUM FORMAL
3. Borrowed Greek and Latin words  CULTIVATED, VERY FORMAL

The three strata-system applies to all parts of speech


DEGREES OF FORMALITY

Archaic  formal  neutral  informal (colloquial)  slang

Hybridizing = mixing different styles (ridiculous effect)

Conversationalisation of public discourse = make it read or sound like private discourse, it adopts
features from informal, conversational, colloquial language.




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