Skinner (Behavioral Therapy-Operant Conditioning)
1. Environmnet provides for an individual two types of situations: positive and negative which determine behavior.
2. Learning only takes place where there is either positive or negative reinforcement. We exhibit or inhibit behaviors because of th...
LPC Exam - Theories
Skinner (Behavioral Therapy-Operant Conditioning) - Answer 1. Environmnet provides
for an individual two types of situations: positive and negative which determine
behavior.
2. Learning only takes place where there is either positive or negative reinforcement.
We exhibit or inhibit behaviors because of the ramifications given to those behaviors.
3. Behavioral modification derives from operant conditioning. The objective is to
increase desirable behaviors or to reduce objectionable behaviors.
4. This appreach pays little attention to the client's prior thought and unconscious
conflicts, but instead focuses on present causes of behavior, and treats unwanted
behavior differently according to different clients' needs.
5. 4 main types of behavior therapy: applied behavior analysis, neuro behavioristic
stimulus-response, social learning theory, cognitive behavior modification.
6. Client's commitment to change, along with effective client/counselor interaction,
determine success in behavior therapy.
7. Client is an active participant, encouraged to set goals.
8. First job of the counselor is to identify the existing concern through assessment
techniques such as psychological tests, behavioral observations, self-reports and
monitoring, role playing, and imagery.
Behavior Therapy Techniques - Answer biofeedback ,contingency contracts, extinction,
over correction, positive reinforcement, premack principle, response cost, shaping, time-
out, token economy, social skill training, assertiveness training, self-control exercises
(progressive muscle relaxation and biofeedback), performance based techniques
applied outside of therapy.
4 Main Types of Behavioral Therapy - Answer 1. Applied behavior analysis: sees
behavior as a function of its consequences, focusing on actual behavior rather than
cognitive processes. Uses behavior modification techniques of stimulus control,
reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.
2. Neuro Behavioristic stimulus-response: concerned with extinquishing the cause or
causes of anxiety through systematic desensitization and covert conditioning. Assumes
same laws of learning apply to both overt and covert processes.
3. Social Learning Theory: stresses mediational behaviors, cognitive processes, and
environment as coming together to influence behavior. Treamtent for environmental
factors causing unwanted behavior depends on cognitive processes affected by
environmental events. The client decides which behaviors to change, using his/her own
self-directing abilities.
4. Cognitive behavior therapy: aims at cognitive restructuring. Approach emphasizes
altering irrational ideas, perceptions, and interpretation of individual experience.
Jung (Analytic Psychology) - Answer 1. Stressed the significance of racial and historical
influences on personality and believed that individuals were moving towards wholeness
and individuation. Believe that culture has a great influence on personal development.
, 2. Therapy is a healing process.
3. stresses the ddynamic interplay between the conscious and unconscious minds
which make up the human psyche and govern behavior. A keener awareness of the
unconscious is key because the unconscious is seen as a means to conscious direction
and creativity.
4. Instincts of hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression, as well as the need to achieve a
whole, true self grounded in conscious and unconscious elements (individuation) are
universal. What one does is influenced partly by present experience and partly by
expectation of what the action will bring.
5. Unconscious forces are revealed through symbols which are guiding messages
contained in dream and external reality which help the client resolve conflicts and
overcome difficulties.
6. Making the client as aware as possible of unconscious influences and connections
with behavior, present and future, is the touchstone of Analytical Therapy. After
analyzing what the cllient experiences consiously, client and counselor explore
unconscious messages, especially through thge interpretation of dreams, toward the
client achieving a true, positive self.
Analytic Techniques/Terms - Answer Introvert/extrovert, anima ( the femine side of
men), animus ( the masculine side of women), archetypes (response pattern occurring
universally), collective unconscious (determined by the evolution of the human species,
Individuation, Mask Persona, Public mask, Shadow (negative side of an individual)
Adler (Individual Psychology) - Answer 1. Individuals need to be viewed in the context of
their social relationships.
2. Psychopathology occurs when the individual develops inappropriate strategies to
overcompensate for feelings of inferiority.
3. Birth order influences the development of life style.
4. Life-style developed in childhood to compensate for inferiortiy and weakness.
Established by age 4 or 5, a style of life is the principle that explains the uniqueness of
the individual. No two people have the same style of life. By creating a goal and the
means to its achievement, creative self gives meaning to life.
5. Superiority results from striving to overcome inferiority. Term "inferiority complex"
refers to a sense of inadequacy. Theorized that every person has a sense of inferiority
and strives for superiority.
6. Primary therapeutic approach is encouragement.
7. Humans have inborn social interests and are motivated by their social urges.
8. Goals of individual counseling: (1) identify and explore faulty assumptions and
mistaken goals. (2) reeducation of clients towards constructive goals. (3) challenge and
change fundamental premises, life goals, and basic concepts. (4) help clients overcome
inferiorities and understand themselves.
Adler Birth Order and Personality - Answer 1. First born/oldest child: As a child, this
individual suddently has to share his parents' attention when the second child is born. If
proper transition does not occur, the first born may become insecure and dislike people.
If proper transition occurs, he/she will be responsible, dependable, hard working, and
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