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Summary of Global History
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Summary of Global History
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1. Comment7 February 2020 at 11:19:13
E.g. military and taxation
Moral restraint (e.g. from foreign
press)
2. Comment
7 February 2020 at 11:21:29
Decentralized provincial
governments, subordinate but
not trivial
- Colonials or local elite
- Little moral restraint (can’t be
held accountable by population
in core)
Part 2 - European Empires
E.g. asks local rulers to establish
own army to protect territory General approval → near universal distaste
E.g. Princely states in India run
Chronology:
day to day affairs
• Begins with start of “modern period” (1492 - Columbus “discovers” Americas)
• Decolonization mostly 50s - 70s (Latin Americas in early 1800s)
3. Comment
7 February 2020 at 11:59:14
Empire: large political body which rules over territories outside its own borders
E.g. imprison freedom fighters
1 2 • Direct or indirect rule
3 • Violent conquest and maintenance
4. Comment
7 February 2020 at 11:36:10 • Core exploiting periphery
Early colonials largely assimilated • Cultural dynamics
with local culture → interracial • Cultural imperialism provides legitimizing narrative (civilizing barbarians)
marriages/children deemed • Underlying belief in universality/equality of humans
“impure” → prompted stronger 4 • Shift to racial hierarchies (pure exploitation)
divide between people (e.g. • Belief that locals are inherently inferior, incapable of self-governance
colonials start bringing wives • More unique to European empires
from Europe) • “Journal of Race Development” prominent in IR
5 6 • Similar vs different
Schools run according to local • Mass movement of people:
culture (e.g. not in English) → 7 • Voluntary (e.g. Neo-Europes, Asian trade)
failed education blamed on 8 • Involuntary (e.g. slavery)
inherent incapacity to learn? • Recently: reversal in direction (poor → rich, south → north, country → city)
5. Comment Imperial expansion:
7 February 2020 at 12:06:44 9 10 • Process of destruction (material and psychological)
Hybrid cultures (e.g Ireland) 11 • Process of creation
• Major consequences
6. Comment
7 February 2020 at 12:05:23 Readings:
E.g. France (Christian, French- • Part 1
speaking, light-skinned,
prosperous) vs Algeria (Muslim,
Arabic/Berber-speaking, darker-
skinned, poor)
Increasingly polarized after 1950s
conflict
7. Comment
7 February 2020 at 12:10:28
North America, some South
America, Australia, New Zealand,
etc
8. Comment
7 February 2020 at 12:10:42
Black Atlantic, Asian laborers
9. Comment
7 February 2020 at 11:49:15
E.g. 1857: Indian army rises up
against British forces -
destruction of cities
10. Comment
7 February 2020 at 11:49:32
Traditions, cultures, etc
E.g. replace Hindi and Persian as
language of trade with English
,11. Comment
7 February 2020 at 11:51:16
Subject of academic debate:
E.g. railways brought by British
but built by Indians, everything
introduced by force
, 12. Comment
12 February 2020 at 22:17:50
Harappa and Mohenjo
Metropolises
Sophisticated sewage system
unmatched by Europe until much
later
13. Comment
12 February 2020 at 22:18:29
Babylon, Ninevethn Uruk and
Akkad
Architectural innovation
Bactria: home to market with
huge range of products Part 3 - The Silk Roads
14. Comment Concepts:
12 February 2020 at 22:22:33
• Imperialism: actions/attitudes that create/uphold empires
European rise seen as natural/
• Colonialism: system of rules where one group exercises exclusive sovereignty over another (to
inevitable
shape its destiny)
• Colonization: large scale population movements where migrants gain significant privileges by
15. Comment
maintaining strong links to former country
12 February 2020 at 22:24:06
• Neo-imperialism: postcolonial situation where colonial powers still exercise great, though half-
Mainly Columbus traveling to
hidden influence that resemble past domination
America and Vasco de Gama
navigating Southern Africa
Eurocentrism: view that places Europe at center of progress and modernity and sees the rest of
the world as historically backwards
16. Comment
12 February 2020 at 22:20:45 • European evolution is not linear; traces its roots to Asian/African empires
Actually the interaction point 12 • Indus Valley (5000 years ago)
between major religions and 13 • Mesopotamia
language groups 14 • 16th century: rise of western civilization → manipulation of historical narrative
15 • New maritime expeditions disrupt previous trade networks → European centrality
17. Comment
12 February 2020 at 21:23:25 False assumptions about pre-1500s world:
More interested in ‘sensual’ • Stagnancy that undermines economic development
pleasures than good governance 16 • Divided into insular regions
(justifies colonial rule) 17 • Governed by irrational despots
18 • Lack of technological advancement hinders interdependence
18. Comment • World only connected/civilized during European age of discovery
12 February 2020 at 21:24:58
E.g. transport takes too long Non-European globalization (Silk Roads):
• Oriental globalization (500 - 1800)
19. Comment 19 • 500: revival of camel as transport
12 February 2020 at 21:33:13 20 • 500 - 1000: trade connects China and Middle-East
Can travel on uneven ground. • Mainly peaceful relations
Route stops where camel is • Main empires: T’ang China (618-907)
switched out. • Islamic globalization (500 - 1100)
Can carry twice as much as • Islam central to process: unity + strong penchant for trade
donkey in half the time. 21 23 • Famous cities: Samarkand, Baghdad, Isfahan
• Started trading with Africa
20. Comment • Africa traded with Indian and Polynesian before muslims
12 February 2020 at 21:35:52 • Most profitable (Egypt as crucial junction)
Main centers of civilization • Main empires:
• Islamic Umayyad and then Abbasid empire in Middle East (661-1258)
21. Comment 24 • Fatimid empire in North Africa (909-1171)
12 February 2020 at 21:46:06
Uzbekistan China and industrial revolution:
• 1100s: becomes more internally powerful than muslim countries (wealth)
22. Comment 25 • Song period (960 - 1279): first industrial miracle
12 February 2020 at 21:46:12
• Surge in steel/iron
Iraq 26 • Tax system based on cash rather than goods → larger cities
23. Comment
12 February 2020 at 21:46:18
Persia
24. Comment
12 February 2020 at 21:38:52
Shia Islamic caliphate
25. Comment
12 February 2020 at 22:02:25
Develops characteristics
associated with British industrial
revolution?
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