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Summary Notes 3.3.9 - Carboxylic acids and derivatives (A-level only) $6.48   Add to cart

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Summary Notes 3.3.9 - Carboxylic acids and derivatives (A-level only)

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Summary Notes 3.3.9 - Carboxylic acids and derivatives (A-level only)

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  • August 10, 2022
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Taylor’s Notes Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
IUPAC Name Skeletal Formula Structural Formula




Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Compound Structural Formula Formula Mass Boiling Point / °C
Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH 60 97
Ethanoic Acid CH3COOH 60 119

They both have relatively high boiling points as they can hydrogen bond

Carboxylic acids can form ‘dimers’ They can form stronger hydrogen bonding between two molecules
than in alcohols

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
When a primary alcohol is heated under reflux with potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid A
carboxylic acid is produced

There is a colour change from an orange solution to a green solution when potassium dichromate and
sulphuric acid is used to oxidise a primary alcohol

CH3CH2CH2OH + [O]  CH3CH2COOH + H2O

Oxidation of Aldehydes
When an aldehyde is heated under reflux with potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid A carboxylic
acid is produced

CH3CHO + [O]  CH3COOH

, Taylor’s Notes Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives

Chemical Properties
Carboxylic acids are proton donors, however they are weak acids so only partially dissociate




Neutralisation Reactions
Carboxylic acids react with alkalis, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form salts

Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Hydroxide = CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COO-Na+ + H2O

Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Carbonate = 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3  2CH3COO-Na+ + CO2 + H2O

Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate = CH3COOH + NaHCO3  CH3COO-Na+ + CO2 + H2O

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are formed by the oxidation of primary alcohols and can be converted back to these
compounds using a strong reducing agent




LiAlH4 in a dry ether solvent can reduce a carboxylic acid to a primary alcohol

NaBH4 is not a strong enough reducing agent so will not work

CH3CH2COOH + 4[H]  CH3CH2CH2OH + H2O

HCOOH + 4[H]  CH3OH + H2O

Esters
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst to form an ester
and water




Esters are named from the alkyl group of the alcohol and the -oate from the carboxylic acid

IUPAC Name Skeletal Formula Structural Formula

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