samenvatting bevat alle lessen + lesnotities + aanvulling uit de verplichte teksten. aan het einde van doc bevinden zich oude en nieuwe examenvragen.
17 behaald
Inhoudsopgave
LES 1: NIEUWSGEBRUIK......................................................................................................................................................... 11
CIJFERS OVER NIEUWSGEBRUIK IN 2021................................................................................................................................................11
cijfers nieuwsgebruik: 3 bronnen................................................................................................................................................11
1) reuters institute Digital news report 2021............................................................................................................................................11
impact coronacrisis op nieuwsgebruik:.................................................................................................................................................11
4 uitdagingen voor nieuwsmedia?...................................................................................................................................................11
2) nieuwsgebruik.be.................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
9 belangrijke manieren waarop de pandemie de vlaamse nieuwsconsumptie heeft getekend.............................................................13
key trend 1: de eerste digitale desinformatiegolf van vlaanderen...................................................................................................13
key trend 2: interesse in nieuws groeit, maar nieuwsmijding ook....................................................................................................13
key trend 3: televisie herwint positie als belangrijkste nieuwsbron.................................................................................................14
key trend 4: nieuws via sociale media gaat erop achteruit...............................................................................................................14
key trend 5: vertrouwen in nieuws stijgt..........................................................................................................................................14
key trend 6: vlaamse nieuwsmedia winnen aan vertrouwen in de pandemie..................................................................................15
key trend 7: de meerderheid betaalt nog steeds niet voor (online) nieuws.....................................................................................15
key trend 8: hoogopgeleide millennials nemen het voortouw bij alternatieve betalingsvormen.....................................................15
key trend 9: we praten niet meer (over nieuws) zoals we vroeger deden........................................................................................15
conclusies/ uitdagingen:................................................................................................................................................................... 16
verschuivingen in nieuwsgebruik (ca. laatste 10 jaar)......................................................................................................................17
4 kenmerken incidenteel nieuwsgebruik (pablo boczkowski & euginia mitchelstein)......................................................................18
‘nieuws tegenkomen’ (serendipitiet) mapping the mobile DNA of news..........................................................................................18
3) imec digimeter...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5 bevindingen imec digimeter rapport 2020.........................................................................................................................................19
waarheidsparadox............................................................................................................................................................................19
crossmediaal en mobiel nieuwsgebruik: 3 lagen van mediaconsumptie..........................................................................................19
NIEUWSMIJDIG EN NIEUWSMOEHEID.....................................................................................................................................................20
news is bad for you- and giving up reading it will make you HAPPIER rolf dobelli....................................................................20
1) nieuws misleidt en manipuleert............................................................................................................................................................ 20
2) nieuws is irrelevant............................................................................................................................................................................... 20
3) nieuws heeft geen verklarende kracht..................................................................................................................................................21
4) NIEUWS IS GIFTIG VOOR HET LICHAAM................................................................................................................................................21
5) nieuws verhoogt cognitieve fouten.......................................................................................................................................................21
6) nieuws is verslavend zoals suiker voor het lichaam..............................................................................................................................21
7) nieuws remt het denken....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
8) nieuws verspilt tijd................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
9) nieuws maakt ons passief.....................................................................................................................................................................21
10) nieuws dood de creativiteit................................................................................................................................................................22
conclusie:.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
nieuwsmijding news avoidance during the covid-19 crisis.........................................................................................................22
LES 2: HET NIEUWSMEDIALANDSCHAP................................................................................................................................... 23
ECONOMIC CONTEXTS OF JOURNALISM NIELSEN, RASMUS KLEIS (2019)......................................................................................................23
financiering.................................................................................................................................................................................23
journalistiek wordt voornamelijk gefinancierd vanuit de markt................................................................................................................23
duaal verdienmodel nieuwsorganisaties...................................................................................................................................................23
problemen met duaal verdienmodel....................................................................................................................................................23
4 mogelijke betaalformules voor digitale media..............................................................................................................................24
duaal inkomstenmodel onder druk door digitalisering.........................................................................................................................24
1) enige plek voor adverteerders om een groot publiek te bereiken................................................................................................24
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2) schaarste aan nieuws en informatie: kranten hadden controle over de beschikbaarheid van redactionele content...................25
3) krant als bundel van informatie....................................................................................................................................................25
economie van het nieuws...........................................................................................................................................................25
kostenstructuur voor nieuwsproductie.....................................................................................................................................................25
nieuws als consumptiegoed...................................................................................................................................................................... 25
concurrentie in de aandachtseconomie....................................................................................................................................................26
hoe kan er een markt zijn voor digitaal nieuws?.......................................................................................................................................26
mediaconcentratie: 4 vormen van integratie en concentratie..............................................................................................................26
nieuwsdiversiteit.................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
1) wat is nieuwsdiversiteit................................................................................................................................................................ 27
2) belang nieuwsdiversiteit...............................................................................................................................................................27
MEDIA EN JOURNALISTIEK IN VLAANDEREN 2021 JONATHAN HENDRICKX.....................................................................................................27
DE 4 grote nieuwsmerken...........................................................................................................................................................27
1) DPG Media............................................................................................................................................................................................ 27
2) mediahuis.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
3) roularta media group............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
4) vrt (publieke omroep)...........................................................................................................................................................................28
klassike nieuwsmerken domineren ook online.....................................................................................................................................28
digital-only nieuwsmedia: de kleine spelers...............................................................................................................................28
media.21................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
1) Apache (inhoud eerst)......................................................................................................................................................................29
2) doorbraak.be.................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
3) gmgroep (medianation)....................................................................................................................................................................29
4) stampmedia...................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
niet vertegenwoordigd in media.21..........................................................................................................................................................29
steun aan mediabedrijven..........................................................................................................................................................30
onderzoek KU leuven in samenwerking met VJJ.......................................................................................................................................30
LES 3: WAT IS (DE ROL VAN) JOURNALISTIEK.......................................................................................................................... 31
JOURNALISTIEK ALS PROFESSIE: DEFINITIE EN PROFIEL VAN JOURNALISTEN....................................................................................................31
de beroepsjournalist...................................................................................................................................................................31
profiel van de belgische journalist in 2018.................................................................................................................................32
sociodemografische kenmerken...............................................................................................................................................................32
opleiding en diploma................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
politieke oriëntatie.................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
loopbaan................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
werksituatie.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
werkplaats................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
werkomstandigheden............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
opvattingen over evolutie van de journalistiek.........................................................................................................................................33
vlaamse vereniging van journalisten.....................................................................................................................................................34
journalistiek als instituut: functies van de journalistiek.............................................................................................................34
journalistiek voorbij de democratie: een nieuwe kijk op journalistieke rollen Hanitzsch & VOS.................................................................34
over de studie: abstract........................................................................................................................................................................ 34
democratie en journalistiek james carey..............................................................................................................................................35
politieke rollen...................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
journalistiek en everyday life................................................................................................................................................................38
consumptie...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
identiteit........................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
emotie.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
everyday life rollen........................................................................................................................................................................... 39
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fonds pascal decroos voor bijzondere journalistiek vZw...........................................................................................................................40
journalistiek als ideologie: ethiek van de journalisten................................................................................................................40
the elements of journalism BIll kovach & tom rosenstiel...........................................................................................................................40
1) de eerste verplichting van de journalistiek is de waarheid...............................................................................................................41
2) loyaliteit aan de burgers...................................................................................................................................................................41
3) discipline van vertificatie.................................................................................................................................................................. 41
4) onafhankelijkehid van de bronnen die ze dekken.............................................................................................................................41
5) onafhankelijke monitor van macht...................................................................................................................................................41
6) forum bieden voor publieke kritiek en compromissen.....................................................................................................................41
7) het belangrijkste en relevante behouden.........................................................................................................................................41
8) nieuws moet allomvattend en proportioneel zijn.............................................................................................................................42
9) persoonlijk geweten kunnen uitoefenen..........................................................................................................................................42
10) ook burgers hebben rechten en plichten als het om nieuws draait................................................................................................42
what is journalism mark deuze.................................................................................................................................................................. 42
journalistiek als ideologie..................................................................................................................................................................... 42
1) journalisten verlenen een openbare dienst..................................................................................................................................42
2) journalisten zijn objectief............................................................................................................................................................. 42
3) journalisten hebben gevoel van directheid..................................................................................................................................42
4) journalist moet redactionele autonomie, vrijheid en onafhankelijkheid genieten.......................................................................43
5) journalisten hebben gevoel voor ethiek en legitimiteit................................................................................................................43
het belang van persvrijheid en bescherming van de journalisten..............................................................................................46
5 maatregelen om persvrijheid te garanderen.........................................................................................................................................47
1) co-regulering/zelf regulering (raad voor journalistiek).....................................................................................................................47
2) wet journalistiek bronnnengeheim...................................................................................................................................................47
3) meldpunt agressie tegen journalisten..............................................................................................................................................47
4) drukpersmisdrijven voor hof van assisen..........................................................................................................................................47
5) anti- slapp wetgeving........................................................................................................................................................................47
LES 5: GASTCOLLEGE + DOCUMENTAIRE MIDDEN OOSTEN..................................................................................................... 48
LES 5: GATEKEEPING-THEORIE................................................................................................................................................ 49
OVERZICHT GATEKEEPING STUDIES........................................................................................................................................................49
GATEKEEPING DEFINITIE......................................................................................................................................................................49
vroege gatekeeping studies........................................................................................................................................................49
1. kurt lewin: gatekeeping.........................................................................................................................................................................50
2. the gatekeeper: a case study of the selection of news David M. white..................................................................................................50
gatekeeping op individueel niveau: over de studie...............................................................................................................................50
figuur gatekeeping................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
bevindingen.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
4 kritieken op studie White...................................................................................................................................................................51
figuur gatekeeping op individueel niveau.............................................................................................................................................51
3. sociale controle in de redactiekamer warren breed...............................................................................................................................51
over de studie:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
sociale controle: beleid van de nieuwsorganisatie................................................................................................................................52
hoe leert de medewerker het beleid: conformatie aan groepsnormen................................................................................................52
1) socialisatie.................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
2) terechtwijzing............................................................................................................................................................................... 53
3) peer pressure: referentiegroep....................................................................................................................................................53
6 redenen waarom journalisten zich conformeren aan het redactioneel beleid..................................................................................53
1) vrees voor sancties.......................................................................................................................................................................53
2) neiging om te gehoorzamen aan autoriteit..................................................................................................................................53
3) persoonlijke ambities en aspiraties..............................................................................................................................................53
4) ze hebben geen medestanders in het conflict..............................................................................................................................54
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5) groepsgevoel en arbeidsvreugde..................................................................................................................................................54
6) focus op het brengen van nieuws als primaire taak.....................................................................................................................54
5 situaties (die afwijken) waarin het beleid omzeild kan worden.........................................................................................................54
1) redactioneel beleid is niet altijd duidelijk en expliciet..................................................................................................................54
2) autonomie journalist tijdens nieuwsgaring..................................................................................................................................54
3) planting........................................................................................................................................................................................ 55
4) afhankelijk van soort artikel......................................................................................................................................................... 55
5) anciennitiet en sterrenstatus........................................................................................................................................................55
samenvatting: gatekeeping als groepswerk..........................................................................................................................................55
gatekeeping als groepswerk: routine en organisatorisch niveau......................................................................................................55
externe invloeden op gatekeeping:............................................................................................................................................55
mediating the message shoemaker & reese..............................................................................................................................................56
hierarchie van invloeden model............................................................................................................................................................ 56
1) individueel niveau white..............................................................................................................................................................56
2) media routines breed...................................................................................................................................................................56
3) redactionele organisatie breed.....................................................................................................................................................56
4) extra media level..........................................................................................................................................................................56
5) ideologie....................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
LES 6: NIEUWSWAARDETHEORIE............................................................................................................................................ 57
WAT IS NIEUWS................................................................................................................................................................................ 57
geen commentaar sarah vercauteren........................................................................................................................................57
3 definties van nieuws.................................................................................................................................................................57
1) nieuws als product, koopwaar.............................................................................................................................................................. 57
2) nieuws als publieke dienst....................................................................................................................................................................58
3) nieuws als construct, uitkomst.............................................................................................................................................................. 58
gatekeepingtheorie: hierarchie van invloeden model (zie les 5)...........................................................................................................58
overzicht gatekeeping studies..........................................................................................................................................................59
THE STRUCTURE OF FOREIGN NEWS 1965 GALTUNG & RUGE....................................................................................................................60
over het onderzoek.....................................................................................................................................................................60
12 nieuwsdeterminanten............................................................................................................................................................60
3 hypothesen............................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
1) complementariteitshypothese..........................................................................................................................................................61
2) additiviteitshypothese......................................................................................................................................................................61
3) exclusiviteitshypothese..................................................................................................................................................................... 61
3 niveaus waarbij de nieuwswaarden een rol spelen................................................................................................................................61
1) selectie.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
2) disortie.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
3) reproduceren.................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
kritiek op gultang & ruge............................................................................................................................................................62
PREDICTING NEWS VALUES 2006 KEPPLINGER EN EHMIG..........................................................................................................................62
2 componenten theorie van nieuwsselectie................................................................................................................................62
1) nieuwsfactoren: objectief.....................................................................................................................................................................62
2) nieuwswaarden: subjectief...................................................................................................................................................................62
nieuwswaardigheid van het verhaal nieuwsselectie.................................................................................................................................63
NIEUWSFACTORINTENSITEIT IN PERSBERICHTEN 2013 KROON & SCHAFRAAD................................................................................................63
8-tal nieuwsfactoren...................................................................................................................................................................63
kritiek Galtung & ruge................................................................................................................................................................64
WHAT IS NEWS: GALTUNG & RUGE REVISTED 2001 HARCUP & O’NEILL.......................................................................................................64
update van galtung & ruge.........................................................................................................................................................64
taxonomie galtung & ruge uitgebreid met:...............................................................................................................................................64
lijst van 10 nieuwswaarden harcup & o’neill 2001................................................................................................................................64
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4 kritieken op galtung & ruge....................................................................................................................................................65
WHAT IS NEWS: NEW VALUES REVISTED (AGAIN) 2016 HARCUP & O’NEILL..................................................................................................65
over het onderzoek.....................................................................................................................................................................65
taxonomie uitgebreid onder invloed van sociale media............................................................................................................................65
taxonomie van 15 nieuwswaarden 2016..............................................................................................................................................66
harcup & o’neill conclusie 2016............................................................................................................................................................ 66
5 kritieken op galtung & ruge.....................................................................................................................................................67
THE DISCOURSE OF NEW VALUES 2017 BEDNAREK & CAPLE......................................................................................................................67
discursief perspectief..................................................................................................................................................................67
3 PERSPECTIEVEN NIEUWSWAARDEN.....................................................................................................................................................67
1) gatekeepingperspectief..........................................................................................................................................................67
2) psychologisch perspectief.......................................................................................................................................................68
3) discursief perspectief..............................................................................................................................................................68
CONCLUSIE HOOFSTUK 6:................................................................................................................................................................... 68
LES 7: JOURNALISTIEK BRONNENGEBRUIK.............................................................................................................................. 68
OVERZICHT GATEKEEPING STUDIES........................................................................................................................................................69
3 VEELGEHOORDE KRITIEKEN OP JOURNALISTIEK BRONNENGEBRUIK............................................................................................................69
bronnenhiërarchie in de journalistiek.........................................................................................................................................69
dominantie elite bronnen......................................................................................................................................................................... 69
actoren in het nieuws................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
over de studie....................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
het belang van een verscheidenheid aan stemmen in de media..........................................................................................................70
classificatie van nieuwsbronnen...........................................................................................................................................................70
bevindingen studie............................................................................................................................................................................... 70
algemene bevindingen..................................................................................................................................................................... 70
publieke omroep versus commerciële omroep....................................................................................................................................71
conclusie............................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
gebrek aan brondiversiteit..........................................................................................................................................................71
brondiversiteit in de media.......................................................................................................................................................................71
3 initiatieven rond verbetering diversiteit/ sensitiever maken t.o.v. diversiteit........................................................................................72
1) beheersovereenkomst VRT 2021-2025.............................................................................................................................................72
2) expertendatabank vlaamse overheid................................................................................................................................................72
3) Stampmedia dialoogproject..............................................................................................................................................................72
7 aanbevelingen Stampmedia dialoogproject..................................................................................................................................72
te grote bronafhankelijkheid......................................................................................................................................................73
1) informatiesubsidie gandy 1999.............................................................................................................................................................73
britse studie uit 2007............................................................................................................................................................................ 73
2) churnalism............................................................................................................................................................................................ 73
3) pack journalism..................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
4) beat routines mark fishman 1980.........................................................................................................................................................74
DECIDING WHAT’S NEWS 1979 HERBERT GANS.......................................................................................................................................74
over de studie..............................................................................................................................................................................74
4 soorten van nieuwsselectietheorie..........................................................................................................................................74
1) spiegeltheorie....................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
2) journalist-gecentreerde theorie............................................................................................................................................................ 75
3) theorie over journalistieke routines......................................................................................................................................................75
4) theorie over macht............................................................................................................................................................................... 75
gans over journalistiek bronnengebruik.....................................................................................................................................75
efficiëntie en machtsoverwegingen..........................................................................................................................................................75
1) beschikbaarheid van de bronnen......................................................................................................................................................76
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2) geschiktheid van de bron.................................................................................................................................................................. 76
STUART HALL................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
over stuart hall............................................................................................................................................................................77
culturele hegemonie antonio gramsci.......................................................................................................................................................77
stuart hall & culturele hegemonie (culturele consensus, centraal waardenkader)...................................................................................77
1) primary definers............................................................................................................................................................................... 78
2) secondary definers........................................................................................................................................................................... 78
rol van de media............................................................................................................................................................................... 79
LES 8: JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEIT................................................................................................................................... 80
HET BEGRIP OBJECTIVITEIT.................................................................................................................................................................. 80
omstreden begrip........................................................................................................................................................................80
definitie objectivietsregime.......................................................................................................................................................................80
objectiviteit............................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
3 FUNCTIES VAN HET OBJECTIVEITSREGIME.............................................................................................................................................81
DE UITVINDING VAN DE JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEIT.............................................................................................................................81
1) commerciële motieven............................................................................................................................................................81
2) politieke beleidscontext..........................................................................................................................................................81
3) objectiviteit = essentieel element van de professionele identitieit van journalist..................................................................82
3 NIVEAUS VAN OBJECTIVITEIT.............................................................................................................................................................82
1) objectiviteit als norm (principe)..............................................................................................................................................82
2) objectiviteit als praktijk (set van routines).............................................................................................................................82
A. verslaggeving als gedepersonaliseerd proces.......................................................................................................................................82
B. journalistiek als collectief proces..........................................................................................................................................................83
C. regels en routines over omgang met bronnen......................................................................................................................................83
3) objectiviteit als format (set van tekstuele conventies)...........................................................................................................83
journalistieke objectiviteit als strategisch ritueel (1972) Gaye tuchman..........................................................................................83
hij-zegt-zij-zegt journalistiek theodor grasser...................................................................................................................................84
3 KRITIEKEN OP HET OBJECTIVITIETSREGIME........................................................................................................................................... 84
LES 9: JOURNALISTIEKE ONPARTIJDIGHEID EN NIEUWSDIVERSITEIT........................................................................................ 85
JOURNALISTIEKE OBJECTIVITEIT ALS METHODE (HERHALING LES 8)..............................................................................................................85
Journalistieke objectiviteit..........................................................................................................................................................86
1) FEITELIJKHEID........................................................................................................................................................................................ 86
2) ONPARTIJDIGHEID................................................................................................................................................................................. 86
ONPARTIJDIGHEID EN ONAFHANKELIJKHEID:............................................................................................................................................87
1) commerciële (on)afhankelijkheid...........................................................................................................................................87
A) Code van de Raad voor de Journalistiek...............................................................................................................................................87
B) Manufacturing CONSENT: THE Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988) Edward Herman & Noam Chomsky...............................87
overzicht gatekeeping studies..............................................................................................................................................................87
late gatekeeping studies: journalistiek is deel van een groter geheel..............................................................................................88
manifacturing consent-inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................88
propagandamodel................................................................................................................................................................................ 88
4 kritieken op propagandamodel.......................................................................................................................................................... 90
C) why and how higher media concentration equals lower news diversity- mediahuis case hendrickx & ranaivoson...............................90
over mediahuis..................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
Methode............................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Voornaamste bevindingen....................................................................................................................................................................91
4 verklaringen voor de bevindingen......................................................................................................................................................91
2) POLITIEKE (ON)AFHANKELIJKHEID.....................................................................................................................................................92
Definitie van onpartijdigheid......................................................................................................................................................92
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