Geschiedenis Van Het Oude Nabije Oosten (A002680A)
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Universiteit Gent (UGent)
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A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
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August 11, 2022
94
2021/2022
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gono
oude nabije oosten
geschiedenis
a003374a
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Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Bachelor Of Arts In De Geschiedenis
Geschiedenis Van Het Oude Nabije Oosten (A002680A)
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Geschiedenis van het Oude
Nabije Oosten
Samenvatting | Prof. Katrien De Graef | 2021-2022
,INHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Introductie................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1. Oude Nabije Oosten? Wat is het? ................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Welke bronnen hebben we? ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Geografie: waar bevinden we ons? ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4. Chronologie van Mesopotamië ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.5. Prehistorische Ontwikkelingen (foutmarge groot > geen geschreven bronnen) ............................................. 7
2. Origins: Het Uruk-Fenomeen ................................................................................................................... 11
2.1. Stedelijke Revolutie ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Ontwikkeling van het schrift en administratie .............................................................................................. 13
3. Concurrerende Stadstaten: VROEG DYNASTISCHE PERIODE ...................................................................... 17
3.1. Chronologisch en Historisch Kader ............................................................................................................... 17
3.2. Welke bronnen hebben we? ......................................................................................................................... 17
3.3. Socio-Politiek Kader (cf. Ontwikkeling Schrift) .............................................................................................. 19
3.4. Socio-Economisch kader ............................................................................................................................... 23
4. Politieke Centralisatie in het Late 3de millennium.................................................................................... 24
4.1. Algemeen kader: 2 Dynastieën Akkad en Ur III ............................................................................................. 24
4.2. Welke bronnen hebben we van elke dynastie? ............................................................................................ 25
4.3. Akkad: centralisatie op vele vlakken ............................................................................................................. 26
4.3.1. Politieke centralisatie .................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.2. Administratieve centralisatie en standaardisering ........................................................................................ 26
4.3.3. Ideologische centralisatie ............................................................................................................................. 26
4.4. Einde akkad periode...................................................................................................................................... 27
4.5. Ur III: Centralistatie op vele vlakken ............................................................................................................. 28
4.5.1. Politieke centralisatie .................................................................................................................................... 28
4.5.2. Administratieve en economische uniformiteit en standaardisering ............................................................. 28
4.5.3. Ideologisch centralisatie en standaardisering ............................................................................................... 28
4.6. Einde Ur III Periode ....................................................................................................................................... 29
4.7. Casestudy: Enheduana: dochter en priesteres .............................................................................................. 30
5. Vroege 2de millennium: fragmentatie en centralisatie .............................................................................. 32
5.1. Algemeen kader ............................................................................................................................................ 32
5.2. Welke bronnen hebben we? ......................................................................................................................... 32
5.3. Sedentairen vs. semi-nomaden..................................................................................................................... 33
5.4. 2000-1800: Fragmentatie en decentralisatie ................................................................................................ 35
5.4.1. Isin Dynastie ZUID-mesopotamiË............................................................................................................. 36
5.4.2. Larsa Dynastie ZUID-MESOPOTAMIË ....................................................................................................... 36
5.4.3. Marad dynastie ZUID-MESOPOTAMIË ...................................................................................................... 36
5.4.4. Economische bloei stadstaten ...................................................................................................................... 38
5.5. 1800 – 1600: centralisatie ............................................................................................................................. 38
5.5.1. Koninkrijk van Opper-Mesopotamië ............................................................................................................. 38
, 5.5.2. Oud-Hettitische Rijk ...................................................................................................................................... 38
5.5.3. Oud-Babylonische Rijk .................................................................................................................................. 39
5.6. Dark Age........................................................................................................................................................ 39
5.7. Casestudy: Codex van Hammurabi................................................................................................................ 40
5.8. Casestudy: Ur-Uttu ....................................................................................................................................... 41
6. Het Gilgamesh Epos ................................................................................................................................ 42
6.1. Wat weten we van gilgamesh? ..................................................................................................................... 42
6.2. Oorsprong van het epos ................................................................................................................................ 42
6.3. Evolutie van het epos .................................................................................................................................... 42
6.3.1. Standaardversie van het epos ....................................................................................................................... 42
6.3.2. Tablet V: Nieuwe passages en volgorde ........................................................................................................ 43
6.4. Voorlopers van de Standaardversie .............................................................................................................. 43
6.4.1. Archaïsche narratieve Sumerische composities ............................................................................................ 43
6.4.2. Sumerische (Bilgames) Cyclus: 5 gedichten .................................................................................................. 43
6.4.3. Oud-Babylonische versies ............................................................................................................................. 44
6.4.4. Midden-Babylonische versies ....................................................................................................................... 45
6.5. Thema’s, motieven en symbolen .................................................................................................................. 45
6.5.1. Thema’s ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
6.5.2. Motieven....................................................................................................................................................... 45
6.5.3. Symbolen ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
7. Diplomatie & oorlog: club van de grote machthebbers ............................................................................. 47
7.1. Welke bronnen hebben we voorhanden?..................................................................................................... 47
7.2. Socio-politiek kader ...................................................................................................................................... 48
7.3. bespreking staten ......................................................................................................................................... 50
7.3.1. Hoerritische/Mittani rijk ............................................................................................................................... 50
7.3.2. Hettieten/Hatti ............................................................................................................................................. 51
7.3.3. Levant (verzameling kleine vazal/stadstaatjes) ............................................................................................. 51
7.3.4. Babylonië ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.3.5. Assyrië........................................................................................................................................................... 53
7.3.6. Elam .............................................................................................................................................................. 54
7.4. Casestudy: Amarna Brieven .......................................................................................................................... 55
8. Ondergang (einde 2de millennium) ........................................................................................................... 56
8.1. Welke bronnen hebben we voorhanden?..................................................................................................... 56
8.2. Chronologisch kader ..................................................................................................................................... 56
8.3. ‘Bronze Age Collapse’ 1200 – 1100 ............................................................................................................ 56
8.3.1. Verklaringen voor verval ............................................................................................................................... 56
8.3.2. Mycene (deel van territoriale staten) ........................................................................................................... 57
8.3.3. Hettitische Rijk (Anatolië) ............................................................................................................................. 58
8.3.4. Levant ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
8.3.5. Egypte ........................................................................................................................................................... 59
, 8.3.6. Assyrië (Midden-Assyrische Rijk) .................................................................................................................. 59
8.3.7. Babylonië ...................................................................................................................................................... 59
8.3.8. Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 60
8.4. ‘Dark Age’ 1100 – 900............................................................................................................................... 60
8.4.1. Inleiding: belangrijke aspecten van deze periode ......................................................................................... 60
8.4.2. Ontwikkeling schriftpraktijk en alfabet ......................................................................................................... 60
8.4.3. Ontwikkeling alfabet ..................................................................................................................................... 60
8.4.4. Ontwikkeling metallurgie .............................................................................................................................. 61
8.4.5. Domesticatie kameel .................................................................................................................................... 62
8.4.6. Socio-ethische veranderingen ....................................................................................................................... 62
8.5. Heropbouw (Assyrische Rijk deel 1) 900 – 600 ............................................................................................. 62
8.5.1. Het westen .................................................................................................................................................... 63
8.5.2. Besluit westen ............................................................................................................................................... 65
8.5.3. Het oosten .................................................................................................................................................... 65
9. Assyrische werelddominantie (fase 2)...................................................................................................... 68
9.1. Het Militarisme ............................................................................................................................................. 68
9.1.1. Tactiek van Terreur ....................................................................................................................................... 69
9.1.2. Tactiek van Deportaties ................................................................................................................................ 69
9.2. Rijksorganisatie en expansie ......................................................................................................................... 70
9.2.1. Organisatie .................................................................................................................................................... 70
9.2.2. Expansie ........................................................................................................................................................ 71
9.3. Bouwwerken ................................................................................................................................................. 72
9.3.1. Bibliotheek van Ashurbanipal (Niniveh) ........................................................................................................ 73
9.4. De Val van het Assyrische Rijk ....................................................................................................................... 74
9.5. Casestudy: De hangende tuinen van babylon ............................................................................................... 74
9.5.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................ 74
9.5.2. Op welke bronnen baseren we ons? ............................................................................................................. 75
9.5.3. Welke opgravingen vonden er al plaats? ...................................................................................................... 75
9.5.4. Watertoevoer? Sennacherib’s waterschroef ................................................................................................ 76
9.5.5. Probleem 1: Link tussen Niniveh en de klassieke auteurs ............................................................................. 76
9.5.6. Probleem 2: Babylon vs. Niniveh? ................................................................................................................. 77
9.5.7. Probleem 3: Legende van Semiramis ............................................................................................................ 77
9.5.8. Probleem 4: Geografie Assyrië vs. Babylonië ................................................................................................ 78
9.5.9. Probleem 5: Verwoesting Niniveh in 612? .................................................................................................... 78
9.5.10. Besluit ........................................................................................................................................................... 78
10. Neo-Babylonië en het Perzische Rijk ........................................................................................................ 79
10.1. Inleiding Babylonië........................................................................................................................................ 79
10.1.1. Val Neo-Assyrische Rijk ................................................................................................................................. 79
10.2. Neo-Babylonische Rijk................................................................................................................................... 79
10.2.1. Val Neo-Babylonische Rijk (cf. Casestudy Cirus Cilinder) .............................................................................. 81
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