Complete lecture notes for the 2021/2022 Molecular & Cell Biology lecture taught at Kings College London. This is a course taken by third year kings students from the Department Of Bioengineering and builds up introductory and intermediate level of material in the earlier lectures and gradually mov...
Cell: is the simplest collection of matter that can live. It has the chemical system that is able to
maintain its structure and reproduce.
Tissue: an ensemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function.
Organ: different tissues types that work together to carry out a particular function.
System: a group of organs that carry out a basic function of the organism. • Organism: single
complete individual.
Two types of organisms that are unicellular:
Prokaryotic:
1. Prokaryotic cells are cells that lack membrane-bound structures
2. They can live in extreme environments and can be found anywhere and are part of the
human microbiota.
3. They are typically 1-5uM.
4. Mitosis and meiosis are absent, they reproduce asexually.
5. They have no mitochondria or chloroplast
6. Have a structurally simple flagellum
Types of prokaryotic cells:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotic:
1. Reproduction can be both sexual or asexually depending on the species.
2. Mitochondria & chloroplast may be present
3. Have a structurally complex flagellum
Types of eukaryotic cells:
Protozoa
Unicellular algae
Unicellular fungi
List the characteristics of cells:
1. Highly organized molecular and biochemical systems
2. Use energy
3. Capable of movement and self-regulation
4. Respond to the environmental changes
5. Reproductive
Phospholipid bilayer: Made up of two
phospholipids, head = hydrophilic region
and tail = hydrophobic region.
consisting of channels that allow passive and active transport.
, Cell/Plasma Membrane: Encapsulates the contents of
the cell and regulates the transportation of substances
Passive Transport:
It requires no energy input and compounds are
able to move across the membrane without
limitations given a suitable concentration
gradient.
Active Transport:
Unlike passive transport, it’s the movement of
molecules (biomolecules – glucose,
nucleotides) or ions (sodium, potassium,
chloride..) through a concentration gradient of
low to high.
Cytoskeleton: In eurokaryotic cells, they are made of
filamentous proteins – providing mechanical support to
the cell and its cytoplasmic constituents.
Microfilament (Actin)
Cell Shape
Locomotion
Microtubule (tubulin)
Intracellular transport
Cell division
Cell movement
Ribosomes: It’s the organelle that participates in protein synthesis, and is formed of a large and
small subunit. – has a single mRNA binding site and three rTRNA binding sites.
tRNA:
1. A site
2. P site
3. E site
Endoplasmic reticulum: It’s an interconnected network of flattened sacs and can be described as:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum:
1. Has ribosomes attached to its surface
2. Manufactures various proteins, antibodies, insulin
3. Aids in the transportation of proteins into the smooth ER.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
1. Lacks ribosomes on the surface
2. Aids in the synthesis of lipids,
visual pigments,glycogen
3. Contraction of muscle cells
4. Transportation of vesicles into
the golgi complex
Golgi apparatus: a series of flattened, stacked
pouches called cisternae
its functions include:
Cis face: the cisternae nearest to the ER that
receives products
Trans face: the cisternae furthest from the ER and released packed products.
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