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Samenvatting Neuropsychologie deel 1
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samenvatting van de volledige cursus neuropsychologie MET PRENTEN
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Neuropsychologie2 HERHALING NEURANTANOTMIE .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 LOKALISATIETERMEN ................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 INDELING VAN HET CENTRAAL ZENUWSTELSEL ................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 De hersenstam ....................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.2 De kleine hersenen of het cerebellum.................................................................................................... 5
2.3.3 De tussenhersenen of diencefalon ......................................................................................................... 5
2.3.4 Het limbisch systeem ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.3.5 De grote hersenen of het cerebrum ....................................................................................................... 6
3 BEKNOPTE HISTORIEK VAN DE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE .............................................................................. 7
3.1 OMSCHRIJVING ‘NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE’ ........................................................................................................... 7
3.2 KORTE HISTORIEK........................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2.1 De oudheid: hart- versus hersenhypothese ........................................................................................... 8
3.2.2 Lokalisationisme versus holisme............................................................................................................ 9
4 HERSENMODELLEN ................................................................................................................................ 11
4.1 DE 3 FUNCTIONELE EENHEDEN VOLGENS LURIA............................................................................................... 11
4.1.1 De unit voor activatie of de 1ste unit .................................................................................................. 12
4.1.2 De posterieure gebieden of de 2de unit (sensorische unit).................................................................. 12
4.1.3 De anterieure cortexgebieden of de 3de unit (motorische unit) .......................................................... 13
4.1.4 Interactie tussen de 3 units van Luria .................................................................................................. 14
4.1.5 Kritische evaluatie van het model van Luria ........................................................................................ 15
4.1.6 Hedendaagse hiërarchische modellen ................................................................................................. 15
4.2 EVOLUTIEMODEL VAN DE HERSENEN ............................................................................................................. 16
4.2.1 The triune brain ................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.2 Min- en Plus – symptomen .................................................................................................................. 17
4.2.3 Dubbeltaken ........................................................................................................................................ 17
4.2.4 Kritische evaluatie van het evolutiemodel ........................................................................................... 17
4.3 HEMISFEERSPECIALISATIE OF LATERALISATIE VAN DE HERSENFUNCTIES ................................................................. 18
4.3.1 Van symmetrie naar complementaire specialisatie ............................................................................ 18
4.3.2 De specialisaties van de linker hemisfeer ............................................................................................ 18
4.3.3 De specialisaties van de rechter hemisfeer.......................................................................................... 20
4.3.4 Interactie tussen de beide hemisferen ................................................................................................. 21
4.4 DE HUIDIGE HERSENKAARTEN: EEN OVERZICHT VAN DE CORTICALE FUNCTIES......................................................... 22
4.4.1 Occipitale lobbe ................................................................................................................................... 22
4.4.2 Pariëtale lobbe .................................................................................................................................... 23
4.4.3 Frontale lobbe ..................................................................................................................................... 24
4.4.4 Temporale lobbe .................................................................................................................................. 25
5 AANDACHT ............................................................................................................................................ 26
5.1 AANDACHT: EEN OMSCHRIJVING .................................................................................................................. 26
5.2 BEGRIPPEN .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Neuropsychologie 1
, 5.2.1 Intensiteit............................................................................................................................................. 26
5.2.2 Selectiviteit .......................................................................................................................................... 27
5.3 NEUROANATOMIE VAN AANDACHT ............................................................................................................... 28
5.4 AANDACHTSSTOORNISSEN .......................................................................................................................... 30
5.4.1 Mentale traagheid ............................................................................................................................... 30
5.4.2 Neglect ................................................................................................................................................ 30
5.4.3 Verminderde visuele aandacht bij het syndroom van Balint ............................................................... 32
6 GEHEUGEN ............................................................................................................................................. 33
6.1. INLEIDING ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
6.2 TERMINOLOGIE ........................................................................................................................................ 33
6.3 HET WERKGEHEUGENMODEL VAN BADDELEY & HITCH ..................................................................................... 38
6.4 NEUROANATOMIE VAN HET GEHEUGEN ......................................................................................................... 39
6.5 GEHEUGENSTOORNISSEN ........................................................................................................................... 41
6.5.1 Algemene kenmerken van amnesie ..................................................................................................... 41
7 EXECUTIEVE FUNCTIES ........................................................................................................................... 43
7.1 OMSCHRIJVING ........................................................................................................................................ 43
7.2 ANATOMIE VAN DE PREFRONTALE CORTEX ..................................................................................................... 44
7.3 STOORNISSEN IN HET EXECUTIEF FUNCTIONEREN ............................................................................................. 46
7.3.1 Controle ............................................................................................................................................... 46
7.3.2 Organisatie, synthese en inschattingsvermogen ................................................................................. 46
7.3.3 Aandacht ............................................................................................................................................. 46
7.3.4 Planning, sequencing en monitoring ................................................................................................... 47
7.3.5 Persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................................................... 47
7.4 ‘FRONTALE’ SYNDROMEN ........................................................................................................................... 47
7.4.1 Frontaal syndroom? ............................................................................................................................ 47
7.4.2 Dysexecutief syndroom........................................................................................................................ 48
8 PERCEPTIE .............................................................................................................................................. 49
8.1 VAN STIMULUS NAAR PERCEPTIE .................................................................................................................. 49
8.2 CEREBRALE ORGANISATIE VAN HET SENSORISCH SYSTEEM.................................................................................. 51
8.3 STOORNISSEN IN DE PERCEPTIE: AGNOSIEËN ................................................................................................... 51
8.3.1 Situering .............................................................................................................................................. 51
8.3.2 Indeling van agnosieën ........................................................................................................................ 52
8.3.3 Visuele agnosie .................................................................................................................................... 52
8.3.4 Akoestische agnosie ............................................................................................................................ 53
8.3.5 Tactiele agnosie ................................................................................................................................... 53
8.4 TEKSTFRAGMENT UIT ‘DE MAN DIE ZIJN VROUW VOOR EEN HOED HIELD’ VAN OLIVER SACKS ................................... 53
10 TAAL ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
10.1 OMSCHRIJVING ........................................................................................................................................ 54
10.2 BOUWSTENEN VAN TAAL ............................................................................................................................ 54
10.3 CEREBRALE ORGANISATIE VAN TAAL .............................................................................................................. 55
10.3.1 Modellen voor gesproken taal ........................................................................................................... 56
10.3.2 Modellen voor visuele taalvaardigheden .......................................................................................... 58
10.4 AFASIEËN ................................................................................................................................................ 58
10.4.1 Omschrijving ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Neuropsychologie 2
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