Full revision notes for Unit 8 Migration, identity and sovereignty. Includes diagrams, definitions and case studies. Can revise solely off these notes and get top grades.
8. 1. a. Globalisation and changes
- Globalisation involves widening and deepening global connections, interdependence
and flows (commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourists).
- Economic systems: the means by which countries and governments distribute
resources and trade goods and services. They are used to control the five factors of
production (capital, entrepreneurship, land, labour and information resources).
- Global shift: there have been changes in the location of the global economy and
demand for workers because of globalisation
Globalisation works on the principles of free flows of investment capital. Those who decide
where to invest and manufacture will choose the lowest-cost locations.
- As a result, China, India and SE Asia have become the manufacturers of the world.
This has shifted the demand for labour:
● National scale (rural-urban): people move from traditional rural economies to work in
cities, which have become industrial hubs
- Pull factors: higher wages, better conditions, good provision of services, wealth
of opportunities
- Push factors: hard work and low wages, low provision of services, lack of
opportunities
● International scale: there is easier movement of people; the EU allows free movement,
what else most countries readily offer work visas to those with skills and a sponsor
- Most international migrants live in HIC: 64% in 2017
- ½ of all international migrants were in 1 of 10 countries. USA - 50m, Saudi
Arabia, Germany, Russia
- 10% of international migrants are refugees or asylum seekers, most are in LICs
● Economic migrant: someone emigrating for better employment opportunities or a
better financial position
, ● irregular migrant: someone who enters the country illegally or stays without a valid
visa or permit
● Elite migrant: skilled and wealthy people are attracted to the global hubs as they can
generate huge wealth.
CS: Rural-urban migration China
Hukou system: a governmental household registration system. Used to limit where a person is
allowed to live, especially for people born in rural hukou who want to change to an urban
hukou. It can be extremely difficult, and even impossible to do so.
It is effective in slowing down the rate of rural-ubran migration which has prevented the
creation of slums surrounding major cities.
, CS: the Schengen Agreement
The Schengen Agreement took effect in 1995 and
abolished many of the internal border controls within the
EU. this enabled passport-free movement across most EU
member states
There are 26 Schengen countries - 22 EU member states
and 4 non-member states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland
and Liechtenstein).
The UK is not in the Schengen area, even before Brexit.
Since 1995, millions of EU citizens have moved freely
across the Schengen area. This has helped fill job
vacancies, but countries have lost some border control.
CS: Poland-UK migration
2004 Date Poland Admitted to EU
A8 Name for collective of 8 countries
Background
Freedom of Movement EU law facilitating migration
15,000 UK predictions for A8 movement to UK
450,000 Number officially moved by mid-2006 (registered)
Migration 62% Percentage that were Polish
500-600,000 Polish embassy estimates
18.5% Polish unemployment
40% Youth unemployment
Push factors
>40% Rural unemployment
$16,000 Polish GDP per capita
5% UK unemployment
Skilled/Semi-skilled labour Area of the UK workforce with real shortages
$40,000 UK GDP per capita
Pull factors
Only 3 countries not to restrict A8 country immigrant
UK, Ireland, Sweden
numbers
£6/hour Typical UK wage
Industrial workers and tradesmen Jobs of vast number of migrants
Young families Demographics of typical migrants
Migrants <12 months Duration the majority intended on staying
No real concentrations Destinations migrants headed to
Low-cost airlines How did they travel to UK
£2.5bn Contribution to UK economy
Reduced Impacts on UK’s dependency ratio
Jobs seen as undesirable Why weren’t many jobs filled by UK citizens?
Benefits to
Influx of new cuisine Cultural impacts on run down high streets
UK
Positive impacts of a society filled with lots of different
Multicultural interaction
people
Highly qualified Attributes of large number of migrants
, Exploitation of workers Problems with some employers
Tensions What happened to communities not used to immigration
Schools, hospitals Services under strain from influx of people
36,000 Number of dependents brought by migrants
Concerns
27,000 Child benefit applications approved
Called ‘remittances’ Large proportion of wages returning to Poland
Rise of right wing parties Political impacts to UK
Brain drain Issue back in Poland with educated people leaving
8. 1. b. Different migration policies
- 3-4% of the global population lives outside their country of origin but this varies
greatly between countries according to Migration Policies and levels of Engagement
with the Global Economy
- The least globalised countries are the poorest ones (e.g. Eritrea, S Sudan, CAR) and
attract the fewest immigrants
- HIC host nearly ⅔ of international migrants
- Singapore - 5th most globalised economy and attracts large migration flows which it
seeks to manage through regulations
- Japan - 54th most globalised economy, has stricter limits placed on migration,
restrictive immigration laws stop Japan’s farms and factories from employing foreign
labour and stringent qualification requirements with complex rules and procedures
mean its difficult for skilled foreign workers to enter.
CS: Japan
- An ageing and shrinking population and workforce can lead to lower s.o.l
- Its suggested the country needs 200 000 migrants a year and higher fertility rates
- However, Japanese culture is based on a homogenous population and racial unification
- Politicians and citizens believe restrictions bring economic cooperation and increasing
migrant levels would disrupt their society and increase crime
- A 2014 poll asking about the future of labour shortages concluded that they’d rather
encourage the elderly and women to work more rather than having more immigrants
- % of foreign-born people increase from 0.7 (1990) -> 1.8 (2016), still very low
- After 2008 FC, gov offered foreign-born residents money to leave
CS: Singapore
- Encourages immigration because of low fertility rate and ageing population
- Has allowed population growth to 5.6m
- 64% of pop is foreign-born
- Since the 80s, they have industrialised as a result of the global shift and become one of
the E Asian Tiger economies, drawing lots of immigrants
- Population can be divided into:
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