Thema 8: Degeneratie. Een complete samenvatting van alle tentamenstof!
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Course
Thema 8 Degeneratie
Institution
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Op aanraden van mijn medestudenten verkoop ik nu mijn samenvattingen! In deze samenvatting maak ik veel gebruik van afbeeldingen, tabellen en opsommingen. Hierdoor hoef je geen lange lappen saaie en ingewikkelde tekst te lezen. In deze samenvatting staat alle stof van de boeken, colleges en leerdoe...
Central synapses Endplates
Multiple neurotransmitters Acetylcholine
Multiple receptors Always excitatory
IPSPs (Cl -) and EPSPs (Na+ and K+) Every EPP = action potential
Ionotropic or metabotropic Every muscle fiber innervated by 1 motor unit
Na+ and K+ currents
The cortical motor system
Types of muscle:
- Slow oxidative (fatigue resistant)
- Fast oxidative/glycolytic (fatigue resistant)
- Fast glycolytic (fatigable)
,Types of muscle contraction:
- Eccentric: muscle lengthens
- Concentric: muscle shortens
- Isometric: muscle length stays the same
Strength is determined by:
1. Amount of motor units
2. Frequency of action potentials (tetanisation)
Sarcopenia = loss of muscle mass (loss of fast motor units)
Dynapenia = loss of muscle strength
Sensation
Sensory receptors:
- Mechanoreceptors: detect physical deformation
- Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes
- Nociceptors: detect pain
- Photoreceptors: detect light on the retina
- Chemoreceptors: detect CO2 and O2 levels in the blood
Classification of nerve fibers:
- Type A (myelinated) vs type C (unmyelinated)
- α σ (large small diameter)
Adaptation: action potential firing becomes less when exposed to same stimulus over time.
Slowest: joint capsule receptors and muscle spindles = tonic
Fastest: hair receptors = phasic
Sensory pathways:
- Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway: proprioception, touch, vibration
- Spinothalamic pathway: pain, temperature, crude touch
,Pain
Two types:
1. Nociceptive: detected by nociceptors
2. Neuropathic: damage or disease to somatosensory nervous system
Directed by different nerve fibers:
- A fibers: sharp pain
- C fibers: burning, aching pain
Referred pain: pain in organs go via same route as pain in cutaneous areas cutaneous
route is used more often pain in cutaneous area
Proprioception: notion of one’s body position.
- Golgi tendon organs: detect strength use of muscle
- Muscle spindles: detect muscle stretch
, Physiology of ageing – changes in organ systems
Health paradox: humans get older, but chronic, age related diseases and symptoms are
increasing.
Cardiovascular system
- Decreased compliance of arteries and veins
- Decreased compliance of myocardium decreased filling
- LV hypertrophy
- Increased SBP
- Decreased DBP
- Higher pulse pressure
- Diminished regulation
- Lower CO
Nervous system
- Central:
30% loss of brain mass
Less neurotransmitters
- Peripheral: loss of motor, sensory and autonomic fibers
- Autonomic:
Increased sympathetic stimulation
Defect baroreceptor reflex
Less sensitive β-adrenergic receptors
Lab measures
- Lower albumin
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