Theme 2.1: Systemic diseases. A complete summary of all exam material!
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Course
Thema 2.1 Systeemziekten
Institution
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Upon recommendation of my fellow students, I now sell my summaries! In this summary, I use a lot of images, tables and enumerations. This means you don't have to read long pieces of boring and complicated text. This summary contains all the material of the books, lectures and learning objectives. T...
, The kidneys: anatomy and histology................................................................................................31
Blood circulation...........................................................................................................................31
Microscopic image of the glomerulus...........................................................................................32
Different parts of the nephron and their functions......................................................................33
Juxtaglomerular apparatus...........................................................................................................35
Water and electrolyte balance.........................................................................................................35
Body fluid compartments.............................................................................................................35
Indicator dilution method.............................................................................................................35
Disturbance of the balance...........................................................................................................35
Regulation of renal blood flow.....................................................................................................35
Water, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphate balance...........................................................36
Tubular reabsorption........................................................................................................................37
Micturition........................................................................................................................................37
Week 4: Complaints due to kidney injury.............................................................................................38
Acute kidney injury...........................................................................................................................38
Acute tubular necrosis..................................................................................................................39
Interstitial nephritis......................................................................................................................40
Crescentic glomerulonephritis......................................................................................................40
Chronic kidney disease.....................................................................................................................41
Nephritic vs nephrotic syndrome.....................................................................................................42
Dialysis..............................................................................................................................................43
Glomerular filtration.........................................................................................................................44
3
,Week 1: Rash
The skin
Function:
- Microbial barrier
- Prevents water loss
- Protects against UV radiation
- Sensory organ
- Aids in temperature regulation
- Production of vitamin D
Several layers:
Epidermis = stratified squamous epithelium
- Consists of keratinocytes undergo terminal differentiation (=keratinisation)
form distinct epithelial layers:
1. Stratum corneum: outer layer containing squames
2. Stratum granulosum: contains keratinocytes contain fillagrin binds to the
tonofibrils
3. Stratum spinosum: polyhedral cells containing bundled keratin and tonofibrils
4. Stratum basale: cuboidal cells attached to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes: attach cells to the basement membrane
Desmosomes: attach cells to each other
The epidermis contains:
- Epidermal ridges: enlarges epidermis – dermis connection
- Dermal papillae: supplies epidermis with blood
- Melanocytes: synthesise melanin protects against UV radiation of the sun
- Langerhans cells: APCs that digest microbes on the skin
Type Function
Free nerve endings Detect pain and temperature
Merkel cells Detect light touch
Meissner corpuscles Mechanoreceptors to detect light touch
Lamellated/Pacinian corpuscles Detect pressure and firm touch
5
,Efflorescence
Primary: to determine primary skin disorder
Macule Nodule
Plaque Papule
Weal Vesicle
Bulla Pustule
6
,Comedo
Secondary: to determine manifestation of underlying skin disorder
Crust Scalling
Excoriation Erosion
Atrophy Ulcer
7
, PEDESCE:
- Place
- Extent
- Distribution
- Edge
- Shape
- Colour
- Efflorescence
8
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