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Summary Notes for the Second Crusade for AQA and OCR
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Taylor’s Notes The Second CrusadeThe Circumstances in Outremer in 1130s and 1140s
Look at ‘The Crusader States in the 12th Century’ Notes
Rise of Zengi
Zengi is thought to have been born around 1084, his father was a Turkish warlord
His rise to power began in the 1120s, because he received the support of the Seljuk ruler in Baghdad which allowed him to propel himself into
power… The first place that he became prominent was in Mosul when he was appointed Governor in 1127 and in 1128, he seized Aleppo He
developed a reputation of being a ruthless warrior and politician Zengi also was known as the Atabeg – meaning ruler – Zengi does this
because he is a Seljuk Turk, and he employs this to emphasise his ties to the Seljuk Turks
At the beginning, Zengi was interested in extending his authority but not against the Franks – he was more interested in expanding into
Southern Syria and Iraq as he was fighting minor princes in Northern Iraq
The Development of Jihad
From the seventh to the eighth centuries the jihad (literally ‘struggle’, the Islamic holy war) developed in two forms – These were the internal
spiritual struggle to achieve personal purity and the letter, military struggle against the infidels – the Muslims saw it as their duty to get all the
world to recognise or embrace Islam through conversion or subjugation Both types of Jihad were obligatory: Jihad was fundamental to the
Muslim faith, a spiritual as well as military exercise, a corporate not an individual obligation
From the early eleventh century a blueprint had existed for ideology and actions, however, it was the resounding defeat of the Crusaders at
the Battle of the Field of Blood in 1119 which gave the Muslim world some hope that the Christians could be driven out
The crushing defeat of a crusader army and the killing of the prince of Antioch in 1119 gave the Arabs hope that they could destroy the
Christians, but politically they were not ready to unite against their common foe
The Taking of Edessa (1144)
Zengi began to preach Jihad, meaning Holy War against the Christians, however, he was more interested in Muslim Damascus in 1136 but
repeated sieges failed but they took a hard toll on the city and Zengi was then momentarily distracted when the Byzantine emperor John II
unsuccessfully attempted to capture Aleppo in 1138
The following year, Zengi prepared again to attack Damascus which had been weakened by the previous assaults, the city seemed certain to
fall Therefore, the emir of Damascus formed a treaty with Fulk Fulk didn’t want Zengi to extend his power to the borders of the Latin
Kingdom and so mobilised his troops to assist in the defence of his Muslim neighbours Foiled by the alliance, Zengi turned his attention to
Mesopotamia
In November 1143, King Fulk was thrown off his horse and killed while hunting Despite Melisende keeping the kingdom, Zengi’s affairs in the
East concluded and he was now able to lead his Jihad against the Crusaders especially with Melisende ruling Jerusalem and the Christian
leaders fighting amongst themselves
Zengi effectively used spies to find out that Joscelin II had left Edessa in Autumn 1144, which meant that there were very few troops within the
city and so Zengi moved his troops to Edessa in late November 1144 and began to besiege the city in December 1144 The Count of Edessa
begged Raymond of Antioch for reinforcements to break the siege, but the prince of Antioch refused
Zengi moved quickly with his troops building siege towers, dug tunnels under the town walls and bombarded until the walls collapsed on the
24th December 1144 They held out for a couple of days but on the 26th December, the citadel was taken and Edessa was in Muslim hands
There was lots of bloodshed, which was directed towards the inhabitants of Edessa, especially towards Frankish men as well as Frankish
women being enslaved 15,000 people were slaughtered, including, Archbishop Hugh; the town was sacked, the churches and monasteries
were destroyed
After Zengi takes Edessa, he is at the height of his power with his official title of atabeg changing to king and conquer, however, in September
1146 Zengi is murdered by a dissatisfied servant in his bed
, Taylor’s Notes The Second Crusade
Bernard of Clairvaux and the Call for a Second Crusade
On 1st December 1145, Pope Eugenius III issued the papal bull Quantam praedecessores, it was re-issued in a modified form on 1st March
1146 He looked back at the glorious victories of the First Crusade and called the knights of Christendom once more to take up the cross
‘It will be seen as a great token of nobility and uprightness if those things acquired by the efforts of your fathers are vigorously defended by
you, their good sons. But if, God forbid, it comes to pass differently, then the bravery of the fathers will have proved to be diminished in the
sons’ shows Eugenius III suggesting that if they don’t join, they will dishonour their family as well as emotionally charging people to join the
Second Crusade as they might have lost family in the First Crusade
‘And so in the Lord we impress upon, ask and order all of you, and we enjoin it for the remission of sins, that those who are on God’s side, and
especially the most powerful and the nobles, should vigorously grind themselves to oppose the multitude of the infidels who are now rejoicing
in the victory they have gained over us, to defend in this way the eastern Church, which was freed from their tyranny, as we have said before,
by some much spilling of your father’s blood’ Shows Eugenius III suggesting much like Pope Urban II that people would have remission of
sins and then again using the emotional factor of people losing family or wanting to follow in their father’s footsteps
‘We, providing with a father’s concern for your peace of mind and the abandonment of the eastern Church, by the authority given us by God
concede and confirm to those who, inspired by devotion, decide to take up and complete so holy and very necessary a work and labour that
remission of sins which our aforesaid predecessor Pope Urban instituted’ Shows Eugenius talking about it being people’s responsibility to
join as what their relatives gave would be for nothing
‘All those who are encumbered with debts and undertake so holy a journey with pure hearts need not pay usury on past loans; and if they or
others on their behalf are bound by oath or faith to usurious contracts we absolve them by apostolic authority’ Shows Pope Eugenius III
saying that people didn’t have to pay interest on their debts if they joined the Crusade
Bernard of Clairvaux, put his weight behind the Second Crusade He and his Cistercian brothers fanned out across France preaching the
cross Bernard himself embarked upon an intensive seven-month tour of the Low Countries and the Rhineland
Louis VII of France (1137-1180) who had been considering leading an expedition to the East, received a Crusader’s cross from Bernard himself,
as did his wife, Queen Eleanor With the crossing of the King and his barons, the Crusade quickly picked up steam across France with Bernard
almost repeating the role of Peter the Hermit, but Bernard did not want to extend this similarity to Jewish massacres or a premature and ill-
equipped Crusade
Unfortunately, Radulf, a fellow Cistercian monk had begun preaching in Northern France against the Jews By the time that the renegade
reached the German Rhineland, his words were having an effect, sparking massacres of Jews in the same cities that had suffered fifty years
earlier although Bernard eventually put an end to the massacres and persecution, he could not stop the enthusiasm for Crusade spreading into
Germany – despite Eugenius III wanting Germany out of the Crusade, but for Bernard, now that some had joined he went all in
Conrad III of Germany resisted Bernard’s first attempts at enlistment, but he was weakening At the Christmas Mass of 1146, Bernard
directed his sermon to the emperor which eventually led to the King and hundreds of German nobles to take the cross with their king
Bernard continued to preach in Germany into 1147
The Second Crusade – Events in Europe, Anatolia, Antioch and Acre
The Second Crusade was transformed from a bid to recapture Edessa into a hugely ambitious attempt to expand Christendom on three fronts:
the Holy Land, Iberia and the Baltic The first manifestation of this was in the late autumn of 1146 when Eugenius wrote to the Italian trading
port of Genoa to urge its citizens to take part in the campaign Their response would not take them to the Levant, but to Spain – which
produced one of the real successes of the Crusade
The Conquest of Lisbon 1147
As the main German and French armies prepared to march across Southern Europe and Asia minor, one particular group set out for the Holy
Land by sea Southern England, Normandy, Flanders and the Lower Rhineland had long standing ties from trade and regional politics when
the Crusade appeal spread into these areas In the Autumn of 1164, a cross-cross of communications must have passed over the English
Channel and along the northern European coastline making the arrangements to co-ordinate the expedition In the end, a fleet of around
180 ships assembled in the port of Dartmouth ready to make the journey to Jerusalem
For this group, led by the nephew of Godfrey of Bouillon, their first target was not the Holy Land – instead it was Lisbon, which at the time was
in Muslim hands King Alfonso Henriques of Portugal knew of the planned Crusade and he probably made informal contacts with the North
Europeans It seems too much of a coincidence that the fleet decided to set out so far in advance of the main land armies; they would have
arrived in the Levant, a whole season ahead of Louis and Conrad and then used up vital resources waiting around
Their departure in the spring of 1147 allowed them to engage in another arena of Holy War and to secure valuable booty as well The
Crusaders when they arrived in Northern France were offered the freedom to sack the city for three days after it was captured which proved as
a further incentive and the Crusaders duly agreed to stay and help Alfonso Thus a blend of secular and spiritual motives was firmly in play
After a three month siege, Lisbon surrendered to the Crusaders on 24 th October 1147 With the fall of Lisbon, once it was safe to venture to
sea again – probably in late February 1148 – they set sail for the Levant to fulfil their vows with more booty although they had lost men on the
way
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