Other
Cambridge AS-Level History (9489) Notes
- Course
- Institution
Notes required for Cambridge AS-Level History (9389/9489) which covers the International Option: International History, . Received an 'A*' in the exam.
[Show more]
6 reviews
By: freddie_alexander • 9 months ago
Watermark is distracting
By: muhammedibraheem1998 • 1 year ago
By: daniellevandyk2 • 6 months ago
By: MassiveGeo • 1 year ago
By: khadija0awad • 1 year ago
By: punchyypunch • 2 year ago
Seller
Follow
soniaasanjay
Reviews received
Content preview
AS-LEVEL HISTORY (9489)INTERNATIONAL OPTION: INTERNATIONAL HISTORY, 1870-1945
1. Empire & the emergence of world powers, 1870-1919
1.1 Why was imperialism a significant force for late nineteenth century Europe?
● Imperialism: extending a country’s power/influence through colonisation
→ Economic & political motives for imperial expansion
● Background (16th-18th century)
○ Find/exploit new trading opportunities
○ Mercantilism: economic system of trade
■ Increase wealth through trade at the expense of others
es
■ Aim: limit cost of imports & increase value of exports
■ Enables accumulation of gold & silver
■ New lucrative market for European goods
■ Eg. slave trade
■ Declined in 18th century
ot
Economic motives Political motives
● Mercantilism was costly ● Growth of Nationalism
○ Maintaining control over overseas ○ 1871: Borders set (only changed by
N
possessions/protecting trade routes lost funds war)
■ Eg 1. Brit $$ wars to maintain N. America ● Imperialism as social policy
● Able to retain Canada but forced ○ Industrialisation = emergence of
to accept USA’s independence new working class
■ Eg 2. Collapsing Spanish Empire in Latin ■ Threatened political power
America
y
● Brazilian independence from
Portugal 1827
of the wealthy
○ Govt portrayed imperialism as
beneficial to all
ja
● New economic theories (Adam Smith circa ongoing Brit ■ Method of diverting
Industrial Rev) attention away from social,
○ Nation’s wealth shouldn’t be judged by amount of economic & political
gold/silver possessed inequalities
n
○ Suggested imperialism was more profitable ■ Argued: imperialism
○ Nation’s ability to increase its production provided finance required to
dependent on investment in new methods pay for social reform
Sa
○ Govt control over economy wasn't necessary ■ Used to unite people behind
■ Wealthy more likely to invest without govt aim: development of the
interference economic & political power
● Industrialisation of their nation through
○ Industrial Rev based on mechanism overseas expansion
○ Mass production → need to find new sources of ● Strategic control of key regions
raw materials & markets ○ Ports in colonised areas =
○ Entrepreneurs wanted new source of investments protection of vital trade routes =
ia
○ Britain (“The Workshop of the World”) military base
■ Industrial Rev = produce goods quicker & ○ Eg. Brit port in Cape Colony (S.
cheaper than any other nation Africa)
■ Development of steam powered machinery ● International prestige
n
impacted UK’s textile industries ○ Indication of nation’s greatness
■ New techniques for producing iron/steel ○ Colonies = status symbol
So
■ Railway/steamship = efficient transport ● National security
● Outlet for migration/overpopulation ○ Eg. Britain’s occupation of Egypt
● The ‘Long Depression’ protected Suez Canal (vital for Brit
○ Period of deflation (1873-96) Empire)
○ Rapid industrialisation across EU & US = ■ Quickly,
production exceeding demand ■ Cost effective
○ Led to protectionism (created need to open new ■ Shortened journey time to
markets to purchase exports) Africa/Asia
● Competition for raw materials
○ Identify & exploit new sources of raw materials (eg.
cotton (India), copper (S. Africa), tin (Msia) etc.)
Sonia Sanjay Notes.
, → The emergence of ‘New Imperialism”
● Nature of ‘New Imperialism” (1870-1914)
Geographic scope Maintaining peaceful relations New imperial countries
● Centred on Africa & ● Eg 1. Treaty of Berlin (1885) set out rules for EU ● Not confined to
Asia nations to carry out their plans for African great powers of
● Raw materials & expansion Europe
trade links with Far ○ Attempt to avoid possible confrontation (included US &
East ● Eg 2. EU nations prepared to collaborate against Japan)
es
the Chinese
● Other causes of New Imperialism
Humanitarian motives Technological motives
ot
● Opposition to slavery ● Medical advancement
○ 1820: Most EU govts banned slave ○ Africa: “the white man’s grave” due to
trade (‘repugnant to the principles of danger of disease (eg. malaria)
natural justice) ○ New treatments for diseases (eg. quinine
N
○ Slavery remained in Africa; EU believed for malaria) curbed fears
they had a moral duty to end the ○ Africa & Asia made more accessible to
practise Europeans
● Theory of racial superiority ● Infrastructure advancement
○ Early 19th cent: Johann Blumenbach &
ay ○ Industrial Rev = new/efficient production
Arthur de Gobineau developed methods
classification of races theories ○ Eg 1. 1856: Henry Bessemer’s (process)
○ Whites classified as racially superior system for mass production of high quality
■ “The White Man’s Burden”: had steel
nj
a duty to bring order, stability & ■ Facilitated development of
civilisation to lives of ‘pagan’ railways & steamships (quick &
Africans & Asians safe)
■ Brought medicine, law & ○ Eg 2. Telegraph network established
Sa
Christianity ■ 1981: cables reached from
■ David Livingstone (missionary London to Americas, India & NZ
explorer): essential to introduce ■ Easier to control overseas
Africans & Asians to 3 Cs: possessions
Commerce, Christianity & ● Weaponry
Civilisation ○ Development of fast firing rifles, machine
■ Helped missionaries spread the guns, heavy artillery gave EU advantage
ia
‘true religion’ over poorly armed Africans
○ Social Darwinism ■ Matabele War 1893: Enabled Brit
■ Proposed the white race was soldiers to gain swift victory
n
more developed against Africans
■ Supported superiority of ■ Proved territory in Africa/Asia can
Western society be taken with little resistance from
So
locals
→ Nature & purpose of the ‘Scramble for Africa’
● Started for logical, strategic & commercial reasons; descended into mad rush for overseas
possessions (national pride & prestige)
● Liberalism: EU emphasised perfectibility of man
● Britain
○ Original concern: protect vital Indian Ocean trading routes
○ Discovery of gold/diamonds in S. Africa brought Brit attention to Africa
■ Encouraged by imperial adventurer Cecil Rhodes’ success
Sonia Sanjay Notes.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller soniaasanjay. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $30.00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67474 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now