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Summary HISTORY A LEVEL RADICAL REFORMERS NOTES (A*) $7.74
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Summary HISTORY A LEVEL RADICAL REFORMERS NOTES (A*)

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textbook notes for the radical reformers depth unit. clear + concise. got me an A*!

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radical reformers 1790-1819
how significant was extra parliamentary
protest 1790-1819?
The London Corresponding Society 1792-93

 American Revolution and French Revolution - growing interest in politics among
working people
 circulation of radical newspapers grew
 organisations formed - promoted republicanism and parliamentary reform
 1780 - Major John Cartwright - Society for Constitutional Information - promoted
social and political reform
o members mostly middle class industrialists
o discussion but no radical activity - support fell
 early 1790s - corresponding societies established in London
 members skilled working class
 spread their ideas through pamplets + communicated with paris
 most important - LCS - founded by Thomas Hardy and supported by skilled craftsmen
o strongly influenced by the SCI - promoted universal suffrage and annual
parliaments
o political education of its members
o peaceful - petition parliament rather than organise mass demonstrations
o didnt limit their membership to a particular class
o Pitt believed that the organisation had the potential to become a miliatary
body - Gov spies inflitrated but only found that they operated within the law
o backlash from conservative groups - loyalist societies viewed them as being
disloyal to king and country
o Association movement - against the republicans and levellers - middle class -
welcomed by the government - used patriotic propaganda and gave secret
help so they could take action against the reformers

The Spa Fields Meeting 1816

 peace abroad after the ending of the Napoleonic War was not accompanied by
tranquility at hime
 reform meetings in London had been uncontroversial and moderate - followers of
Thomas Spence were unsatisfied with this - planned a mass meeting which they
hoped would lead to rioting and disorder
 radical leader and speaker Henry Hunt - invited to address a meeting at spa fields -
10,000 people came
 petition presented to the Prince Regent - urging him to reform parliament - came close
to suggeting the use of physical force if demands were not met
 was not recieved by the Prince Regent - a second protest meeting called
 here - the Spenceans stirred up sections of the crowd and urged direct action - set
off to seize the tower of london and the royal exchange - counstables dispersed the
rioters and arrested their leader

,  trial of the ringleaders 1817 - exposed the role of gov informers and spies
 defence proved that a gov informer (Castle) had encouraged the riot - jury acquitted
all the defendants
 exposed many of the difficulties faced by radical reformers
 the use of gov spies and agent provocateurs made it almost impossible to outwit
them
 division between those who wanted peaceful reform and those who wanted direct
action/violence made unified action impossible

The Pentridge Rising 1817

 gov had established a Committee of Secrecy - operated a substantial network of spies
 this enabled them to be prepared for outbreaks of violence or rebellious activity
 discussed plans for an insurrection
 the group was joined by a Londoner - Oliver - who persuaded the meeting that
radicals in London were preparing an uprising in the capital for 9 June - followed by
similer actions throughout the country - not true
 Oliver was in the pay of Lord Sidmouth and sent to spy on radical groups - and in
this case to act as an agent provocateur - intended to lead the activists into illegal
activities
 June 9 - the groups leader - Brandreth led 300 men towards Nottingham, intending to
seize the city
 due to spies - a regiment of soldiers was able to intercept them before they could
reach the city - 80 arrested
 Leeds Mercury - published an investigation that exposed Oliver’s role - blamesd
the government rather than the activists - showed that Spa Fields was not an isolated
incident
 this had no impact on the trial - 14 transported, leaders hanged and beheaded

Peterloo 1819

 actions taken by gov + improvements in the economy = dampning down of radical
activity
 Peterloo - last significant protest of these years
 held in manchester - long tradition of trade unionism, strong working class identity
 downturn in the textile industry in 1818 (important industry in manchester) -
gave rise to a sustained campaign of mass meetings and demands for parliamentary
reform
 Henry Hunt spoke to an audience of 80,000 people
 magistates issued a warrant for Hunts arrest and ordered the local yeomanry to ride
through the crowd and arrest Hunt
 the density of the crowd combined withthe yeomanry caused violence to break out
and the crowd scattered - 11 dead and over 500 injured

result -

 provoked widespread national revulsion - rioting and growth of political unions
 symbol of savage repression of working class people by an authoritarian government
 however - Gash argues that rather than a massacre it was a mere ‘blunder’ - the
responsibility lay with the manchester magistrates rather than the government who

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