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Essay Unit 14A - Applications of Organic Chemistry
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UNIT 14 Assignment APASS 1
What does the halogenoalkane functional group look like?
Halogenoalkanes are compounds containing a halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)
joined to one or more carbon atoms in a chain. They consist of a group 7 atoms bonded in place of a
hydrogen atom in an alkane.
Give example structure diagrams
Ch3 CH2CH2 CH3 Br - Bromopropane
CH3 CHI CHI CH3 (2,3- diiodbutane)
Hand labelled K. Kaur – 27/01/2022
Name the main TWO types of reactions that
halogenoalkanes can undergo and explain what
reaction conditions and reagents are chosen that each reaction.
The two types of reactions are called Nucleophilic substitution and Elimination.
Nucleophilic substitution - of Halogenoalkane’s with aqueous hydroxide ions.
Equation: CH3CH2 Br + OH- CH3 CH2OH + Br –
Conditions: Aqueous potassium hydroxide at room temperature.
Elimination – of halogenoalkanes with ethanolic hydroxide ions.
Equation: CH3CHBrCH3 + OH- CH3CH=CH + H2O + Br –
Conditions: Ethanolic potassium hydroxide at high temperature.
2 a) What do the aldehyde and ketone functional groups look like?
An aldehyde is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group with the central carbon bonded
to a hydrogen and R group - CHO.
Ketones contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond) - RCOR.
b) Give example structure diagrams of aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehyde
Butanal – CH3CH2CH3HO
Ethanal – CH3CHO
, UNIT 14 Assignment A
Ketone
Propanone - CH3COCH3
Butanone – CH3COCH2CH3
c) Name the main types of reaction that aldehydes and ketones can undergo and explain the
reaction conditions chosen for that reaction.
Aldehydes and Ketones can be reduced by adding Hydrogen to them. These, therefore, can be
reduced and classified into different classes of alcohol. For example, Aldehyde is reduced to a
primary alcohol and Ketone is reduced to a secondary alcohol.
d) Write out an example equation for the reaction type mentioned above.
Aldehyde equation: CH3CHO + 2 [H] CH3 CH2OH
Ethanal → Ethanol
Ketone equation: CH3COCH3 + 2 [H] CH3CH(OH)CH3
Propanone → Propan– 2- ol
3. a) What does the alcohol functional groups look like?
Alcohol molecules contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. This is named after the carbon chain
but - end in – ol. Therefore, the OH group is numbered as to the lowest carbon it is bonded to.
b) Give example structure diagrams of alcohols
CH3 CH2 CH2 OH propan –1 –ol (primary)
CH3 CHOHCH2CH3 Butan- 2 – ol (secondary)
Primary
Secondary Tertiary
These are formed based on the carbon molecules connected to the OH carbon.
c) Name the main types of reaction that alcohols can undergo and explain the
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