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,Celleer deel 2- moleculaire genetica en celdeling..................................................21. De erfelijke code.............................................................................................. 2
1.1. Chemische structuur (bouw) van DNA.......................................................2
1.1.1. DNA (DesoxyriboNucleïnezuur)............................................................2
1.1.2. Nucleotide........................................................................................... 2
1.1.3. Polynucleotideketen............................................................................ 3
1.1.4. Replicatie van DNA.............................................................................. 4
1.1.5. De eigenlijke erfelijke code..................................................................4
1.2. Situering/opdeling van het DNA in de cel..................................................4
1.2.1. Celkern (nucleus)................................................................................. 4
1.2.2. Chromatine.......................................................................................... 5
1.2.3. Chromosomen..................................................................................... 5
1.2.4. Karyogram........................................................................................... 5
1.2.5. Genoom............................................................................................... 6
1.3. Vertaling van genen in lichaamseiwitten...................................................6
1.3.1. Gen gestuurde ribosomale eiwitsynthese............................................7
1.3.1.1. Transcriptie.................................................................................... 7
1.3.1.2. Translatie....................................................................................... 8
2. Gewone celdeling (mitose)............................................................................... 9
2.1. Celcyclus.................................................................................................. 10
2.1.1. Interfase: voorbereiding op deling.....................................................10
2.1.1.1. G1-fase/ eerste groeiperiode.......................................................10
2.1.1.2. S-fase/ DNA-syntheseperiode......................................................11
2.1.1.3. G2-fase/ tweede groeiperiode.....................................................11
2.1.1.4. Controle....................................................................................... 11
2.1.2. M-fase/ mitotische fase/ eigenlijke delingsfase..................................12
2.2. De gewone celdeling (=mitose)...............................................................12
2.2.1. Profase............................................................................................... 13
2.2.2. Metafase............................................................................................ 13
2.2.3. anafase.............................................................................................. 13
2.2.4. telofase, gevolgd door cytokinese.....................................................13
Examenvragen:.................................................................................................... 14
, Celleer deel 2- moleculaire genetica en celdeling
1. De erfelijke code
1.1. Chemische structuur (bouw) van DNA
1.1.1.DNA (DesoxyriboNucleïnezuur)
DNA is eigenlijk opgebouwd uit een linker en rechter helft
- Elke helft vertegenwoordigd een afzonderlijke molecule
- Beidehelften trekken mekaar aan door onderlinge vorming van H-bruggen
(=waterstofbruggen)
o Elke base op de ene DNA-streng vormt een paar met een base op de
andere streng. De wijze waarop dat gebeurt, ligt precies vast: de
basen vormen ‘complementaire basenparen’. (Adenine vormt altijd
een paar met thymine en cytosine met guanine)
1.1.2.Nucleotide
o 1 nucleotide bestaat uit:
Fosfaat (PO₄³-)
Desoxyribose (C-5 suiker)
Stikstofhoudende base (N-base)
Hier zijn 4 mogelijkheden:
o Cytosine (C)pyrimidines
o Thymine (T)
o Guanine (G) purines
o Adenine (A)
o Er zijn 4 soorten nucleotiden:
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