Summary
Summary Human and Animal Biology II
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Summary of the material from the course guide, supplemented with lectures, literature from the book and practicals.
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Module A 45%Theme integration 1
Anatomy mammal
Pz7
Somatic tube -> body tube
Visceral tube -> organ tube
Dorsal mesentary ->
connects somatic & visceral
tube
Pancreas functions
• Exocrine -> digestion
• Endocrine -> hormones produced by islet cells
- α cells secrete glucagon to blood glucose
- β cells secrete insulin to ↓ blood glucose
o Pancreatic juice:
- Amylase (carbs)
- Peptidase (proteins) = protease
- Lipase (fats)
Dorsal pancreas = larger than ventral pancreas
,Aorta -> biggest abdominal artery
A. umbilicalis -> artery back
mother via umbilical cord O2
mixed, not poor or rich. Contains
waste products.
- v. umbilicalis vein from umbilical
cord to pig, O2 rich
Collarbone (clavicle) reduced for
full mobility of schoulder joint in
animals that walk on front legs.
Mesenteries:
o omentum minus -> between liver & inner curve of stomach (=curvature minor)
o omentum majus -> connects outer curve of stomach (=curvatura major) to dorsal abdominal
wall & intestines
- location of spleen (lien/splen)
Small intestine:
1. Duodenum (0.25m)
2. Jejenum (2,5m)
3. Ileum (3,5m)
Large intesine:
1. Colon ascendes
2. Colon spiralis ~ (colon transversus in humans →)
3. Colon descendes ↓
4. (sigmoid colon in humans )
5. Rectum
o Functions large intestine/colon:
- Resorption nutrients
- Store chymus
- Microbiota: help digest & produce vitamins
Fermentation => micro-organisms breaking down organic material into smaller molecules
Vesica fellea = gall bladder
• Connected to other billary ducts by ductus cysticus
, - Ductus cysticus + ducti hepathici (livers) unite as ductus choledochus -> transport bile to
intestine
- Ductus choledochus runs through omentum minus & connects to duodenal papilla
(contains sphincters)
• Bile produced by liver is stored in gall bladder
- Bile does not digest fat, but does make smaller fat molecules
- Neutralises stomach fluid
- Get’s rid of waste products
Mucus -> most important secretion into GI-tract
• Motility; easier to move chymus with food
• Lot of it secreted in mouth, stomach & rectum
,
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