Beginnings of Civilizations World History Study Notes
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Course
World History
Institution
Book
World History,grades 9-12 Human Legacy Full Survey With Student One Stop
This is a very detailed version of notes so you won't need to read the book at all to get a good grade in class.
I do have a very simplified of it, if you need it you are a text away.
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Current knowledge mostly trace back to 5000 years ago , that was only after writing
developed (Writing provides a great understanding of the past)
Prehistory: Period before writing was invented
Anthropology: Study of prehistory
● Culture: Society’s common habits
- Knowledge
- Art
- Beliefs
- Cutoms
- Values
● Architectural ruins and artifacts: Objects made or used
- Coins
- Pottery
- Tools
ps.) Scientists make educated guesses based on artifacts of people’s lives.
● Archaeological Digs: Sites where people left traces
- Broken pottery
- Broken bones
Workers) Delicately unearth objects with towels and small brushes.
Human Origins:
● “Nutcracker Man”: A skull with a heavy jaw and large teeth.
- Discovered by: Marie Leaky
- East Africa (1.75 million years ago)
- Australopithecine (or Hominid): Beings like humans that walk upright.
- 1959
● Lucy the “Partial Skeleton” : Partial Australopithecine skeleton
- Discovered by: Donald Johanson
- Ethiopia (3 million years ago)
- 4 feet tall (walked upright) : Leaves hands free to use tools
- 1974
● Footprints: In hardened volcanic ashes
- Discovered by: Marie Leaky
- Tanzania (3.5 million years ago)
- Oldest evidence of Australopithecines walking upright
- 1970s
, ● Hominid Skull: In desert region (theory)
- Discovered by: Scientific team
- Chad: Central Africa (6-7 million years ago)
- Features of Australopithecines and Chimpanzees
- 2001
Advanced Hominids:
● Homo habilis: Smaller teeth and hands.
- First appeared: 2.4 million years ago (in Africa)
- Used crude tools
ex) Cut meats, chop roots, or scrape meat
ps.) Louis Leaky found Homo habilis fossil in Olduvai
● Homo erectus: “Upright man” Had larger brain and more intelligence
- First appeared: 2-1.5 million years ago (in Africa)
- Advanced hunting tools (skilful hunters)
ex) Hand axes (chop tree, dig, and cut animals)
- First hominids to control fire
● Homo Sapiens: Modern Humans
- Create fires
- Sophisticated tools
- Languages
- Theory: first appeared 200,00 years ago (in Africa)
Migrating out of Africa: Hominids learned to adapt (theory: due to climate change)
● Ice age
- Bering Strait: Bridge between Asia and North America
- Water became glaciers (ocean levels fell)
- 1.6 million years ago
● Migration
- First: (theory: Homo Erectus)
- Mostly Believe: Homo Sapiens migrated first (100,000 years ago)
- Asia: Moved into the Middle East first then throughout Asia
- Australia: Used boats to move from Asia to Australia
- Europe: High mountains made them take longer to reach
- America: Crossed Bering Strait (9000 BC)
- Antartica: Undefined
● Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons: Genetic Variation
1. Neandethals
- 200,000-30,000 Years Ago
- Genetic research theory: not Homo Sapiens
2. Cro-Magnons
- Appeared 40,000 years ago
- Physically similar to modern humans (Sturdy and Muscular)
- Finely crafted tools
- Superior hunting abilities
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