Summary
Summary Memory: Types of Long Term Memory
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Types of Long Term Memory from the module of Memory has been summarised from the AQA psychology textbook for A LEVEL published by Illuminate Publishing.
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Types of long-term memoryEpisodic memory
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives (Like a diary). It includes
events such as the breakfast you ate this morning and the psychology class, I had yesterday. These
memories are very complex as they are “time-stamped”- you remember when they happened. Your
memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as people, places, objects and behaviors.
Finally, you have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories.
Semantic memory
This contains our knowledge of the world. This includes broad facts and this memory has been likened
to a combination of an encyclopedia and a dictionary. Your semantic memory contains your knowledge
of an impressive number of concepts. These memories are not time-stamped and is less personal and
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, more about the facts we share. Semantic memory also contains an immense collection of material which
is constantly being added to.
Procedural memory
This is our memory for actions, or skills, or basically how we do things. We can recall our memories
without conscious awareness or a great deal of effort- driving a car.
Evaluation
Clinical evidence
HM and Clive Wearing are examples of episodic memory damage. But their semantic memories were
not damaged. This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM. One
store can be damaged but other stores remain unaffected. Memory is different and stored in different
parts of the brain.
Neuroimaging evidence
Evidence from brain scans show that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.
Tulving et al (1994) got their participants to perform various memory tasks while their brains were
scanned using a PET scanner.
Prefrontal cortex= episodic and semantic memories were recalled.
Left= semantic memories
Right= episodic memories
The strength of this is that it is supports the view that there is physical reality to the different types of
LTM within the brain. The validity of this is high as it has been confirmed many times during other
studies.
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