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Summary Gastrointestinal tract infection (Gastroenteritis-Diarrhoea)
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Lab –4 Diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria Biotechnology 3rdGradeGastrointestinal tract infection (Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea)
General Stool Exam (GSE):
Stool examination is carried out in laboratories for various diagnostic
purposes. It is a specimen that is easily obtained but they may be a
reluctance on the part of the patient to give the stool specimen due to its
offensive nature and foul smell. Mostly a clean container, which does not
contain any detergent or disinfectant, is sufficient for all types of stool
examinations including stool culture.
A stool culture is ordered in the following cases:
• Severe or bloody diarrhea, with increased amounts of gas, bloating, loss
of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever and cramping pain.
• Food poisoning, inflammation of the large intestine (colitis), cholera and
typhoid to identify the organisms that can cause these infections.
• Asymptomatic persons that can be as a carrier for bacteria and have the
ability to spread infections to others patients.
Pathogenic bacteria of GIT (Gastrointestinal tract)
Campylobacter jejuni, E.coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Vibrio
cholerae, Clostridium difficile, Staphylococcus aureus
Macroscopic examination: by naked eye we can describe the
following:
• Consistency of the stool sample: moisture in the stool, formed stool
(which takes the shape of the colon), soft, liquid, mushy, loss, semi
liquid, hard, very hard, watery.
Dr. Haider Yousif. Maha Mikhlef Zahraa Shakir
, Lab –4 Diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria Biotechnology 3rdGrade
• Color of the stool: brown (normal color), light brown, clay, green, blue,
yellow. The type of food, medication, and during infection affects these
colors.
• Odor: The fecal odor of stools may become offensive in conditions like
intestinal amoebiasis. In cases of bacillary dysentery and cholera, the
stools are not foul smelling due to the absence of fecal matter.
• Blood: thread of blood, frank of blood (in case of abscess), bright red
blood on the surface of the formed stool is usually associated with
bleeding and irritation.
• Pus: in case of infection.
• Mucous: In case of severe diarrhea, there will be shedding of the
intestinal wall and in the stool, this will appear as the delicate cover of
the egg.
• Undigested food particles.
• Parasite: adult worms or segment of them.
• Epithelial cells: in case if shedding in the intestine, the nucleus is large
and the cell is globulated and sometimes part of the epithelium appears.
• Crystals: Charcot-leyding crystals: is a diamond in shape and it may
occur in stool specimen and it is indicator for the parasitic infection.
These crystals developed from the eosinophilic break down products,
which indicate that an immune response has been taken place due to
parasitic infection.
Stool culture:
Collecting a stool sample:
1. Label the container with name, date of birth and the date.
Dr. Haider Yousif. Maha Mikhlef Zahraa Shakir
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