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Samenvatting Toegepaste Dierkunde

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  • Course
  • Toegepaste Dierkunde
  • Institution
  • Hogeschool Gent (HoGent)

Samenvatting van powerpoints en eigen notities

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Document information

  • August 29, 2022
  • 97
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

Subjects

  • dierenzorg
  • dierenzorg hogent
  • mitose
  • meiose
  • basis dierkunde
  • rijk eencelligen
  • trilhaardiertjes
  • amoeben
  • zweephaardieren
  • metamonada
  • sporendiertjes
  • sponzen
  • holtedieren
  • kwalpolie
  • indeling van het dierenrijk

Written for

  • Hogeschool Gent (HoGent)
  • Agro En Biotechnologie
  • Toegepaste Dierkunde
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By: sofiabeckers19 • 1 week ago

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SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE



Inhoudstafel
Hoofdstuk 1: De basis: begrippen omtrent de dierlijke cel..................................................................................5
1.1 De kerndeling............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1.1 Mitose................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.2 Meiose................................................................................................................................................ 7
Hoofdstuk 2: Indeling van het dierenrijk........................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Indeling in rijken...................................................................................................................................... 10
Hoofdstuk 3: Rijk eencelligen (Protozoa & Chromista)...................................................................................... 11
3.1 Algemene kenmerken............................................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Relevante stammen binnen de Protozoa en Chromista...........................................................................11
3.3 Stam: trilhaardiertjes............................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.2 Pantoffeldiertje................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3.3 Andere trilhaardiertjes..................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 Stam: amoeben....................................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 14
3.4.2 Amoebe............................................................................................................................................ 14
3.5 Stam: zweephaardieren........................................................................................................................... 16
3.5.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 16
3.5.2 Trypanosoma spp............................................................................................................................. 16
3.6 Stam: Metamonada................................................................................................................................. 17
3.6.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 17
3.6.2 Giardia duodenalis............................................................................................................................ 17
3.6.3 Trichomonas gallinae....................................................................................................................... 18
3.7 Stam: sporendiertjes............................................................................................................................... 18
3.7.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 18
3.7.2 Eimeria spp....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.7.3 Toxoplasma gondii........................................................................................................................... 20
3.7.4 Plasmodium spp............................................................................................................................... 21
Hoofdstuk 4: Stam: sponzen............................................................................................................................. 22
4.1 Algemene kenmerken............................................................................................................................. 22


HANNELORE KRIEK 1

, SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE


4.2 Indeling van de stam............................................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Opbouw................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.4 Levenscyclus en voortplanting................................................................................................................. 23
4.5 Bijzonderheden....................................................................................................................................... 23
Hoofdstuk 5: Stam: holtedieren........................................................................................................................ 24
5.1 Algemene kenmerken............................................................................................................................. 24
5.2 Indeling van de stam............................................................................................................................... 24
5.2.1 Klasse: kwalpoliepen........................................................................................................................ 24
5.2.2 Klasse: schermkwallen...................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.3 Klasse: bloemdieren......................................................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 6: Stam: platwormen....................................................................................................................... 30
6.1 Algemene kenmerken............................................................................................................................. 30
6.2 Indeling van de stam............................................................................................................................... 30
6.3 Trilhaarwormen met drietakkige darm (orde: Tricladida)........................................................................31
6.3.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 31
6.3.2 Planaria spp...................................................................................................................................... 31
6.4 (Infra)klasse: zuigwormen (Trematoda)................................................................................................... 32
6.4.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 32
6.4.2 Grote leverbot.................................................................................................................................. 32
6.4.3 Andere zuigwormen......................................................................................................................... 34
6.5 (Infra)klasse: lintwormen (Cestoda)........................................................................................................ 35
6.5.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 35
6.5.2 Runderlintworm............................................................................................................................... 35
6.5.3 Andere lintwormen.......................................................................................................................... 36
Hoofdstuk 7: Stam: rondwormen (Nermatoda)................................................................................................. 37
7.1 Algemene kenmerken............................................................................................................................. 37
7.2 Specifieke kenmerken spoelwormen....................................................................................................... 37
7.2.1 Vrijlevende draadwormen................................................................................................................ 37
7.2.2 Parasieten van mens en dier............................................................................................................ 38
7.2.3 Parasieten van planten..................................................................................................................... 40
Hoofdstuk 8: Stam: ringwormen....................................................................................................................... 40
8.1 Algemene kenmerken............................................................................................................................. 40


HANNELORE KRIEK 2

, SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE


8.2 Indeling van de stam............................................................................................................................... 41
8.3 (Sub)klasse: borstelarme ringwormen..................................................................................................... 41
8.3.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 41
8.3.2 De regenworm.................................................................................................................................. 41
8.3.3 Andere borstelarme ringwormen..................................................................................................... 46
8.4 (Sub)klasse: bloedzuigers........................................................................................................................ 47
8.4.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 47
8.4.2 enkele soorten.................................................................................................................................. 48
8.5 Klasse: borstelwormen............................................................................................................................ 48
8.5.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 48
8.5.2 De zeepier........................................................................................................................................ 48
8.5.3 Enkele andere soorten...................................................................................................................... 48
Hoofdstuk 9: Stam: weekdieren........................................................................................................................ 49
9.1 Algemene kenmerken............................................................................................................................. 49
9.2 Indeling van de stam............................................................................................................................... 49
9.3 Klasse: tweekleppigen............................................................................................................................. 49
9.3.1 Algemene kenmerken....................................................................................................................... 49
9.3.2 Gewone mossel................................................................................................................................ 50
9.3.3 Andere voorbeelden......................................................................................................................... 54
9.4 Klasse: slakken......................................................................................................................................... 55
9.4.1 Gewone tuinslak (subklasse: Heterobranchia)..................................................................................55
9.4.2 De wulk (orde: Neogastropoda)........................................................................................................ 58
9.5 Klasse: koppotigen.................................................................................................................................. 58
9.5.1 De zeekat.......................................................................................................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 10: Stam: geleedpotigen (Arthropoda)............................................................................................ 60
10.1 Substam: schaaldieren.......................................................................................................................... 60
10.1.1 Noorse kreeft (klasse: hogere schaaldieren (Malacostraca))..........................................................61
10.1.2 Watervlo (klasse: kieuwpootkreeftjes)........................................................................................... 65
10.1.3 Andere schaaldieren....................................................................................................................... 65
10.2 Klasse: insecten (substam: Hexapoda)................................................................................................... 66
10.2.1 Voedsel........................................................................................................................................... 66
10.2.2 Circulatiestelsel.............................................................................................................................. 67


HANNELORE KRIEK 3

, SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE


10.2.3 Vleugels.......................................................................................................................................... 67
10.2.4 Ademhaling.................................................................................................................................... 68
10.5.2 Zintuigen........................................................................................................................................ 69
Hoofdstuk 11: Stam: stekelhuidigen.................................................................................................................. 70
11.1 Klasse: zeesterren.................................................................................................................................. 71
11.1.1 De gewone zeester......................................................................................................................... 71
11.1.2 Andere stekelhuidigen.................................................................................................................... 74
Hoofdstuk 12: Stam: chordadieren................................................................................................................... 75
12.1 Voortplanting........................................................................................................................................ 75
12.1.1 De bevruchting............................................................................................................................... 75
12.1.2 Embryonale ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 76
12.2 Substam: lancetvissen of schedellozen.................................................................................................. 77
12.3 Substam: manteldieren (Urochordata).................................................................................................. 78
12.4 Substam: gewervelden (Vertebrata)...................................................................................................... 79
12.4.1 Infrastam: kaaklozen (Agnatha)...................................................................................................... 79
12.4.2 Superklasse: kraakbeenvissen (Chondrichthyes)............................................................................80
12.4.3 Klasse: beenvissen (Teleostei)........................................................................................................ 82
12.4.4 Klasse: de amfibieën (Amphibia).................................................................................................... 84
12.4.5 Klasse: reptielen............................................................................................................................. 87
12.4.6 Subklasse: vogels (Aves)................................................................................................................. 88
12.4.7 Klasse: zoogdieren (Mammalia)...................................................................................................... 91




HANNELORE KRIEK 4

, SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE




Hoofdstuk 1: De basis: begrippen omtrent de
dierlijke cel
Celmembraan:

 Functie: nodige elementen van een cel
samenhouden in een waterige
oplossing
 Opgebouwd uit moleculen met
hydrofoob en hydrofiel deel = fosfolipiden → vormen dubbelmembraan

Prokaryoot of eukaryoot:

Prokaryoot Eukaryoot
 Geen kern → DNA circulair in cytoplasma  Kern met lineair DNA
 Bacteriën en cyanobacteriën  Protisten, fungi, planten en dieren
 1 tot 10 µm  5 tot 100 µm
 Aëroob en anaëroob metabolisme  Aëroob metabolisme
 Weinig tot geen celorganellen  Kern, mitochondria, cholorplasten,
 RNA en proteïne synthese in cytoplasma endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER)
 Geen cytoskelet  RNA-synthese in kern, proteïne synthese in
cytoplasma
 Cytoskelet van proteïne filamenten


Cytoplasma:

 Meeste metabolische reacties
 Bevat verschillende organellen
o Mitochondrion
o Golgi-apparaat
o ER

Mitochondrion:

 Functie: produceren van energie → ATP (Adenosine Trifosfaat)
 Omringd door dubbelmembraan
 Ontstaan: symbiose
o Opname van een andere cel
o Mitochondrion heeft afmetingen van een bacterie → idem chloroplast

Kern:

 Afgescheiden van cytoplasma door dubbelmembraan = kernenveloppe




HANNELORE KRIEK 5

, SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE




Golgi-apparaat:

 Functie: modificatie, transport en secretie van macromoleculen
 Verzameling van membraanstructuren

Endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER):

 Ruw ER
o Bezet met ribosomen
o Functie: synthese membraaneiwitten
 Glad ER
o Geen ribosomen
 Verzameling van membraanstructuren → uitloper kernmembraan

Dierlijke of plantaardige cel:

Dierlijke cel Plantaardige cel
 Geen cellulose wand  Cellulose wand
 Centrosoom  Geen centrosoom → soms poolkapjes
 Geen plastiden  Plastiden (chloroplasten, chromoplasten,
amyloplasten)

1.1 De kerndeling
 2 dochtercellen moeten dezelfde genetische informatie meekrijgen
o Mitose → gewone lichaamscellen (2n)
o Meiose → geslachtscellen (n)
 Helft van de chromosomen aanwezig
 Na samensmelting kernmateriaal bij elkaar → normaal aantal chromosomen
 Bevruchte eicel




HANNELORE KRIEK 6

, SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE


1.1.1 Mitose




Stap 1 en 2: PROFASE

 Kernenveloppe verdwijnt
 Centrosoom deelt
 Beide centrosomen liggen elk aan een pool van de cel
o Staan in voor netwerk van draden waarop chromosomen verplaatst worden
 Chromatine → chromosomen
o Bouw chromosoom: 2 identieke benen bij elkaar gehouden door centromeer

Stap 3: METAFASE

 Spoelfiguur wordt gevormd door centrosomen
 Chromosomen op equatorvlak

Stap 4: ANAFASE

 Centromeren splitsen → elke chromatide verplaatst naar een kant van de cel

Stap 5: TELOFASE

 Spoelfiguur verdwijnt
 Rond beide dochterkernen een kernenveloppe
 Elke dochtercel heeft evenveel chromatiden
 Kernmateriaal lost op: chromatiden → chromatine
 Insnoering van de dochtercellen

1.1.2 Meiose
 Vorming van 4 haploïde cellen
 Homologe chromosomen = 2 chromosomen uit een paar



HANNELORE KRIEK 7

, SAMENVATTING DIERKUNDE




1.1.2.1 Meiose I
Stap 1: PROFASE I

 Kernenveloppe verdwijnt
 Spoelfiguur vormt
 Chromosomen worden gevormd

Stap 2: METAFASE I

 Chromosomen liggen op equatorvlak
 Crossing-over → uitwisseling van DNA tussen 2 homologe chromosomen

Stap 3: ANAFASE I

 Homologe chromosomen worden elk naar een kant getrokken

Stap 4: TELOFASE I

 Kernenveloppe wordt gevormd
 Dochtercellen worden ingesnoerd

1.1.2.2 Meiose II
Stap 1: PROFASE II

 Kernenveloppe verdwijnt
 Spoelfiguur vormt
 Chromosomen worden gevormd

Stap 2: METAFASE II

 Chromosomen liggen op equatorvlak


HANNELORE KRIEK 8

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