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Summary Forensic Psychology: Bottom Up Approach

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The Bottom Up Approach from the module of Forensic Psychology has been summarised from the AQA psychology textbook for A LEVEL published by Illuminate Publishing.

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  • August 30, 2022
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  • 2022/2023
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Offender Profiling: Bottom-Up Approach




 British approach- informed by the work of David Canter.
 Aim to generate a picture of the offender- their likely characteristics, routine behaviour and
social background, through systemic analysis of evidence at the crime scene.
 It is contrary to the US approach as it does not begin with fixed typologies.
 The profile is “data-driven” and emerges as the investigator engages in deeper and more
rigorous scrutiny of the details of the offence.
 More grounded in psychological theory.




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, Investigative psychology

 The discipline of investigative psychology is an attempt to apply statistical procedures
alongside psychological theory, to the analysis of crime scene evidence.
 Aim to establish a statistical “database” which then acts as a baseline for comparison.
 Specific details of an offence, or related offences, can then be matched against this database
to reveal important details about the offender, their personal history, family background etc.
 It may determine whether a series of offences are linked in that they are likely to have been
committed by the same person.
 Interpersonal coherence- the way an offender behaves at the scene, including how they
“interact” with the victim, may reflect their behaviour in more everyday situations.
 Whilst some rapists want to maintain maximum control and humiliate their victims, others
are more apologetic (Dwyer, 2001).
 Might tell police something about how the offender relates to women more generally.
 Significance of time and place is also a key variable and may indicate where the offender is
living (as in geographical profiling).
 Forensic awareness describes those individuals who have been the subject of police
interrogation before; their behaviour may denote how mindful they are of “covering their
tracks”.




This case supports one type of bottom-up profiling – geographical profiling – because if you look at
the maps, most of the crimes appear in a cluster in the same area, near the railway. Canter looked at
the location of crimes of the ‘Railway Rapist’ and was able to suggest that Duffy had a good working
knowledge of the railways and would live locally in Kilburn, as it turned out he was a carpenter for

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